950: Dynasties, Trade & War

# The world in 950 CE ## Western and central Europe The West Frankish and East Frankish kingdoms, the Kingdom of Italy alongside semi-independent Italian principalities, Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Pamplona, Christian principalities and counties of Iberia, Anglo-Saxon England, the Přemyslid Duchy of Bohemia under Boleslaus I, and West Slavic tribal communities including the Polans form a fragmented landscape. Bohemia must begin with its own named duchy and the Czechia map cell assigned to it, not as a province directly governed by East Francia; it is not yet a kingdom. There is no securely established centralized Kingdom of Poland in 950; represent the Polans and neighboring West Slavic communities as a tribal political landscape rather than projecting the later Piast kingdom backward. The Umayyad ruler of Córdoba proclaimed a caliphate in 929, so the correct 950 title is Caliphate of Córdoba rather than Emirate of Córdoba; it controls much of al-Andalus but not every Christian and local polity in Iberia. The Holy Roman Empire does not yet exist under its later formal name in 950; Otto I is king of East Francia. The Capetian dynasty has not yet taken the French throne. The Kingdom of Strathclyde and Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd remain distinct regional powers; the County of Urgell is separate from Barcelona in the eastern Hispanic March. Iceland has an Alþingi from 930 and decentralized chieftaincies, not a king. King Eadred (r. 946–955) leads West Saxon consolidation in England. Denmark and Norway comprise regional kingdoms and chiefdoms with unevenly documented rulers; Sweden is less centralized. Venice remains the distinct Duchy of Venice under Pietro III Candiano. Normandy has its own supplied cell, with Richard I a child ruler consolidating the Rouen polity. Neither a broad province cell nor a missing dedicated cell removes a real political actor. Do not portray Venice in 950 as the later maritime republic with a broad mainland empire. The Austria cell represents the eastern march within the Duchy of Bavaria and the East Frankish kingdom; it is not an independent Austrian duchy in 950. ## Byzantine, Balkan, and steppe frontier The Byzantine Empire is ruled by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The Bulgarian Empire remains a major power under Tsar Peter I. In the western Balkans, the Kingdom of Croatia under Michael Krešimir II is the strongest of the three regional actors represented in this map setup; the Serbian principality and Zahumlje remain distinct neighboring polities. Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina cells are coarse modern geography proxies, not exact tenth-century borders, and Zahumlje did not control all of modern Bosnia. The Pechenegs occupy the Pontic-Caspian steppe north of the Black Sea. Magyar power is centered in the Carpathian Basin and is represented by Magyar principalities, not a later Christian Kingdom of Hungary. The Kimek–Kipchak confederation belongs in the northern and eastern Kazakh steppe; the Oghuz Yabgu State occupies parts of the lower Syr Darya, Aral region, and western Kazakh steppe. Avoid projecting the later, fully developed Cuman–Kipchak confederation backward without qualification. The Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, Rus' polity, Bagratid Armenia, Shirvanshahs, Kingdom of Abkhazia, and Kingdom of the Iberians (Tao-Klarjeti) belong in the wider frontier system. There is no unified Kingdom of Georgia in 950; the Tbilisi emirate, Principality of Kakheti, and other Caucasian powers remain distinct. Kievan Rus' is under Olga's regency after Igor's death in 945; Sviatoslav is still a child. ## Islamic West and North Africa The Fatimid Caliphate is ruled by al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah and is based in Ifriqiya; it has not yet conquered Egypt, and Cairo is not its capital. Fatimid influence includes Ifriqiya and fluctuating authority eastward toward parts of the central Maghreb, but do not infer direct control of every modern Algerian province. The current map grid has no Algeria cell, so that northern Algerian reach cannot be separately colored without changing the map geometry. In eastern Anatolia, the Armenian Principality of Taron is represented by a rough Turkey · 2 assignment; this is a gameplay approximation, not a claim that the modern cell reproduces Taron's exact borders. The Ikhshidids govern Egypt and southern Syria from Fustat. The Hamdanids are divided into two politically distinct branches: Sayf al-Dawla’s Emirate of Aleppo in northern Syria and Nasir al-Dawla’s Emirate of Mosul in northern Mesopotamia. They share a dynasty but maintain separate courts, revenues, armies, and political interests. The Abbasid Caliphate remains in Baghdad but effective power is limited by regional dynasties. The Buyids entered Baghdad in 945 and dominate the caliph's political environment. The Samanids dominate Transoxiana and much of eastern Iran; Turkmenistan's cell is assigned to the Samanid sphere in this map layer, though Oghuz groups were also present across the steppe. The Saffarids retain a reduced base in Sistan. The Idrisid dynasty survives in fragmented form in northern Morocco alongside local Amazigh polities and the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. The Emirate of Nekor in the Rif, Sijilmasa as an oasis-commercial polity, and Sanhaja Amazigh networks are distinct regional actors; do not assign all Morocco to any one of them or project the later Almoravids into 950. The Barghawata confederation remains a distinct Berber/Amazigh religious-political power on the Atlantic coast; it is listed off-map because the Morocco cell is too broad to depict its coastal territory without falsely assigning it all of Morocco. The Qarmatian state remains a major power in eastern Arabia, centered on al-Ahsa and Bahrain; the Qatar cell is only a coarse proxy because the map has no Bahrain/al-Ahsa cell. Central Arabia is divided among decentralized tribal networks: Banu Hanifa is assigned the Riyadh cell as a rough al-Yamama proxy, Banu Asad the Hail cell, and Banu Tamim the Northern Borders cell. Banu Amir branches including Kilab and Uqayl are represented off-map because their ranges were mobile and no cell isolates them. These assignments are gameplay approximations, not exact tenth-century borders. In Yemen, the Ziyadid dynasty based at Zabid is the principal dynastic state represented at this map's coarse scale in 950, but its control of the highlands and outlying regions is uneven. Local Zaydi, tribal, and other authorities must not be erased or treated as uniformly administered by the Ziyadids. In coastal Oman, the Wajihid dynasty based at Suhar is the best single-cell proxy for the region's dominant coastal power; the inland Ibadi Imamate remained a distinct authority and is represented as an off-map actor because the map has no separate coastal and interior Oman cells. The Aghlabids are no longer independent after the Fatimid conquest; the Zirids are not yet an independent dynasty in 950. ## Iran, Central Asia, and the steppe Afrighid Khwarazm remains a regional dynasty in the lower Amu Darya area, with shifting ties to the Samanids. The Tomara polity of Dhillika/Delhi is included cautiously because its early chronology and reach are debated. The Anuradhapura Kingdom remains the major Sinhalese state in Sri Lanka; the Chandra dynasty is a southeastern Bengal actor, not a ruler of all Bengal. The Samanid amir is Nuh I (r. 943–954). Buyid power is divided among regional branches around Baghdad, Fars, and Rayy. Kerman is ruled locally by the Ilyasid dynasty (Banu Ilyas) in 950; do not assign the Kerman cell to the Buyids at the opening date. The Ghaznavid state has not yet emerged as an independent empire; Turkic commanders operate within Samanid structures. The Qarakhanids are an emerging Turkic power around Kashgar and the eastern steppe; they remain distinct from the independent Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan, which controls the southern Tarim oasis corridor in 950. Khotan is not conquered at the opening date: Qarakhanid pressure and conflict intensify later in the tenth century, while conquest is completed only in the early eleventh century. The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom around Zhangye, the Guiyijun regime at Shazhou/Dunhuang under the Cao family, and the Kingdom of Qocho around Turfan are additional distinct Silk Road actors, represented off-map because the board has no cells that isolate their cores. The Xinjiang cell is assigned to Khotan only as a coarse gameplay proxy and must not be read as its exact territory. The Qarakhanids' borders and internal chronology remain uncertain. The Sallarids under Marzuban ibn Muhammad are active in the northwest Iranian-Caucasian political world, although the Semnan map assignment is a deliberately coarse regional approximation rather than their historical core. The Seljuks must not be inserted as a major state in 950. ## South, East, and Southeast Asia The Indian subcontinent is not one state. The major powers include the Pratihara Kingdom in the north, the Pala Dynasty in Bengal and Bihar, the Rashtrakuta Empire in the Deccan, and the Chola Kingdom in the Tamil south. Other distinct regional actors include the Paramara Kingdom of Malwa, Chandela Kingdom of Jejakabhukti, Kalachuri Kingdom of Tripuri, Eastern Chalukya Kingdom of Vengi, Western Ganga Kingdom, Kashmir Kingdom, Hindu Shahi Kingdom, the Emirate of Multan, the Emirate of Mansurah, the Chaulukya Kingdom of Gujarat, the Chahamana and Guhila houses, the Thakuri Kingdom of Nepal, the Pandya Kingdom, the Chera Perumal Kingdom, and eastern Indian dynasties such as the Bhauma-Karas, Somavamshis, Eastern Gangas, and Kamarupa's historical polity. These are not equally powerful or equally well documented in 950; represent uncertain chronology and overlapping overlordship cautiously. Modern administrative cells are coarse approximations, not tenth-century borders. Never convert them into a unified “India,” and do not treat every listed dynasty as controlling a whole modern province. China is divided among the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The Later Han dynasty rules much of north China at the opening of 950; its replacement by Later Zhou occurs in 951, not at the opening date. Its map color is distinct from the unchanged slate-gray Khitan Liao color. Southern regimes include Wuyue, Southern Tang, Southern Han, Jingnan and other regional courts appropriate to the exact date. Jingnan is a small state centered on Jiangling; the Hubei cell is only a coarse proxy. The Dali Kingdom was founded in Yunnan in 937 after Nanzhao's collapse and is represented by the Yunnan cell. The Khitan-led Liao dynasty was founded in 907 and is already a major northeastern power; do not invent separate “Eastern and Western Liao” states. Tibet is fragmented among regional successor regimes after the Tibetan Empire's collapse. Japan is in the Heian period, with Fujiwara regents influential at court; the Hokkaido cell is assigned separately to decentralized Indigenous Ainu ancestral communities (represented cautiously through the Satsumon/Okhotsk cultural world), not to the Heian court. This is a gameplay simplification and does not imply a unified Ainu kingdom existed in 950. The Ngo political order dates from 939, but the later formal name Dai Co Viet is not projected backward into 950. Duong Tam Kha holds power after his 944 usurpation, while Ngo princes remain claimants. In mainland Southeast Asia, Pagan is emerging, Khmer power is centered around Angkor, and Champa remains significant. The Dvaravati polities represent Mon-speaking Buddhist urban networks in central Thailand, although Khmer expansion and local rulers make the tenth-century frontier fluid. The Thailand cell is too broad to represent Dvaravati's exact reach, and northern Hariphunchai must not be mistaken for the same polity. In the Indonesian archipelago, the Medang (Mataram) Kingdom under the Isyana dynasty is centered in eastern Java after the political shift around 929, while Srivijaya is a separate Buddhist maritime power centered on Sumatra and the Strait of Malacca. Their influence operates through ports, tributaries, trade routes, and uneven overlordship, not modern national borders. Sunda and Galuh are represented as distinct West Javanese regional polities with uncertain early-tenth-century boundaries; early Balinese dynastic rule is separate from Java. Hariphunchai in northern mainland Southeast Asia and Lavo around Lopburi are added as regional courts, but their exact tenth-century borders remain uncertain. The current map has only one Indonesia cell and one Malaysia cell: the Indonesia cell is assigned to Medang/Mataram, and Malaysia is used only as a coarse Srivijayan maritime-sphere proxy. Do not infer that either state directly rules the entire modern country or archipelago. ## Africa beyond the Mediterranean West Africa includes Ghana/Wagadu, the Senegal River polity of Takrur, the regional center of Kawkaw/Gao on the Niger, and Sahelian trade networks. Takrur is assigned the Senegal cell only as a coarse proxy; its borders and exact independence from Ghana/Wagadu varied and are not securely recoverable. Kawkaw/Gao is a separate off-map regional actor because the board has no cell isolating the Niger bend; do not project the later Songhai Empire backward into 950. The Kingdom of Kanem is represented around the Lake Chad region, but its core lay east and northeast of the lake and the modern Borno cell is only a coarse proxy. In the Horn of Africa, the Muslim Sultanate of Shewa, founded in 896, is an important tenth-century polity in the Ethiopian highlands; its assignment to the Oromia cell is only a rough gameplay proxy, since Shewa's historical core lay farther south and east. Do not project the later Zagwe dynasty back into 950. Afar, Djibouti, and Eritrea are represented as local and regional authorities rather than one unified Zagwe state. Nubian Christian kingdoms include Makuria and Alodia. Swahili coastal settlements participate in Indian Ocean trade but are not one unified state. The central Congo Basin is represented by riverine and forest communities rather than a fabricated unified kingdom; Great Lakes and central African societies must remain regionally diverse, with borders treated cautiously. ## Additional regional detail and political actors The cast includes named political figures, rulers, heirs, commanders, court officials, and regional actors. State actors include the Kingdom of Vaspurakan, the Ziyarid Dynasty, Later Shu, the Kingdom of Chu, Jingnan, the Kalbid Emirate of Sicily, the County of Barcelona, the Kingdom of León, the Kingdom of Alba, the Kingdom of Ailech / Northern Uí Néill, Brittany, Aquitaine, Toulouse, the Kingdom of Dublin, and the Duchy of Bavaria within East Francia. Barcelona is correctly represented as a county rather than a formal duchy in 950; Borrell II and Miró I share its government. Gofraid mac Sitriuc is represented as King of Dublin in 950. Byzantine court and military figures include Leo Phokas the Younger, Joseph Bringas, Basil Peteinos, and Manuel Kourtikes, with offices and influence dated to their actual careers rather than projected backward. The existing map has coarse modern cells, not exact medieval polygons. The Spain and Ireland cells are marked contested/layered because they contain several real polities that cannot be split into separate territories in this editor. The metropolitan France cell remains West Frankish, with separate Brittany, Aquitaine, and Toulouse actors placed at their regional centers; the map cannot fill their subregions separately. The supplied Scotland, Gwynedd, and Irish proxy cells must be interpreted by their actual positions and starting assignments, not by a modern country-name suffix. The France · 2 polygon is French Guiana and France · 3 is Corsica, so neither is assigned to a tenth-century Frankish polity. A Van–Kars/Eastern Armenian Highlands marker and Vaspurakan actors remain approximations within the existing Armenia cell; Hatay–Antioch is represented by a frontier marker, and the Hamdanid Mosul entry covers the Mosul–Erbil–Duhok sphere. Existing territorial proxies remain schematic. ## Historical integrity Leaders, successions, wars, and diplomacy must be tied to dates. Borders are approximate where control was layered, disputed, or seasonal; do not project modern national borders backward. Distinguish de jure claims from effective control, tributaries from vassals, and temporary occupation from annexation. Where evidence is sparse, use cautious descriptions rather than false precision. Player actions can change history, but the opening state must reflect 950 CE. Ladakh is assigned to the Kingdom of Kashmir for the requested playable setup, but this is not a strict historical border claim: Kashmir's core was the Vale of Kashmir and Ladakh had distinct, shifting political ties. The Altai/western Mongolian frontier is assigned to Kyrgyz tribal groups as a coarse gameplay proxy; the Baikal-Buryatia cell represents Merkit and other Mongolic forest-steppe groups without implying a centralized Merkit kingdom in 950. The three existing Italy-named cells do not all cover mainland Italy: Italy · 1 remains the broad Kingdom of Italy cell, Italy · 2 is geometrically Sicily and is assigned to the Kalbid Emirate, and Italy · 3 is geometrically Sardinia and is assigned to Sardinian local judicates. The Papal States, Principality of Benevento, Principality of Salerno, Duchy of Naples, and Duchy of Amalfi remain named off-map actors because no separate mainland southern-Italian polygons are available; they must remain politically distinct despite shifting alliances and overlapping influence. The County of Anjou is also a distinct West Frankish regional actor, but the current map cannot isolate its historical boundaries. The Ibadi Imamate of Oman is also an off-map actor because the single Oman cell is assigned to the Wajihid coastal dynasty. Taron also remains an off-map actor because the current Turkey cells are centered near Constantinople rather than eastern Anatolia. Existing territorial proxies remain schematic. # The first recognition of mana The political and material world retains its historical opening. What changes is the appearance of a real but scarcely understood capacity called Mana in a few scattered human lives. People interpret it through their own religious, philosophical, medicinal, and craft traditions. A repeated lamp-flame effect in Fustat, hardened clay at Chengdu, a healer's warmth at Avaldsnes, and a freshwater sense at Manda are small local facts, not announcements heard across the globe. Most people have heard nothing reliable. No historical civilization is dismissed as incapable of observation: mathematics, record keeping, medicine, skilled work, and practical inquiry continue. The emerging direction of technical investment favors magical techniques, enchanted materials, and mana institutions rather than an inevitable modern scientific-industrial sequence. Food is grown and moved. Silver must be collected, assayed, carried, and paid. A marriage needs negotiations and recognized terms. An army needs men, command, food, water, fodder, wages, routes, and rest. A stronger magical practice may alter one of these constraints, but its materials, operators, range, throughput, maintenance, and new dependencies become part of the economy. The world remains recognizably historical human society through later magical growth: religion, family, law, politics, commerce, alliances, and ordinary troops continue to matter. Rare wonders do not turn every household into a magical institution. # Houses and households A dynasty is a network of living and deceased named people, recognized relationships, property, offices, claims, and obligations. Spouses have natal kin, legal interests, religious commitments, and political agency. A bride, groom, consort, widow, or guardian is not an interchangeable alliance token. A child has parents, a birth date or cautious range, a household, health, education, recognition status, guardian, and possible claims; adulthood and public office require elapsed years. The same royal house may rule rival courts with separate revenue and armies. Marriage connections may support contact or obligation but do not themselves transfer sovereignty. The scene may focus on a nursery, marriage embassy, treasury dispute, succession council, workshop, camp or market as its causes warrant. # Opening numbers and uncertain evidence Numerical starting cash, troop accounts, provisions and effort are explicitly authored game allocations. They are modest accessible household or institutional budgets, not claims to have recovered exact 950 totals or every soldier in a realm. SAU is an out-of-character accounting measure equivalent to 100 grams fine silver; dialogue uses local monetary and customary terms. Unknown historical sums, people, personal motives, and private details are not silently promoted to fact. Daily attendance at the named court or base is a deliberate opening placement when a precise itinerary is unavailable. The original political distributions are retained, except that a generic contested status is represented as locally named authorities with a separate stability value and the anachronistic Zagwe label is replaced by northern highland authorities. # Artefacts and sacred custody Historical sacred objects, regalia, and legendary manifestations coexist in this authored divergence. Public religious significance does not prove every attributed story, and extraordinary functions are fictional additions. Some objects are valuable for ritual, legitimacy, diplomacy, scholarship, trade, or restitution without being weapons. The Black Stone is still in Qarmatian custody in the historical opening; its historically later return has not occurred. The Mandylion is already at Constantinople following its 944 transfer. The imperial Japanese regalia belong to distinct custodial traditions. Lost legendary objects have authored hidden survival, but discovery requires evidence, access, travel, and competing claims. Hidden catalog knowledge is not a character's knowledge. # Supporting political and personal register The following identities preserve the wider historical setting while the named on-map starting cast remains focused. They are supporting world context rather than extra imported markers. A person described as dead before 950 remains deceased; later offices and outcomes in old descriptions are reference history, not present power or a scripted future. Mpu Sindok and Rajaditya are deceased before the opening. Southern Han's ruler in 950 is Liu Sheng, not Liu Bin, who died in 943. Abbasid Caliphate: The Abbasid caliph resides in Baghdad under severe Buyid political constraint. Caliphal legitimacy remains influential, but the caliph does not independently command all territories that acknowledge his title. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani: Scholar and compiler of Arabic poetry and court traditions. Regional context: Baghdad and the Islamic scholarly-administrative world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid: Ikhshidid prince and dynastic figure in Egyptian succession politics. Regional context: Egypt and the Fatimid-Ikhshidid world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Ali Bal'ami: Samanid vizier and administrator associated with Persian historical writing. Regional context: Northern Iran and the Buyid world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Ali Chaghani: Samanid commander and governor whose rivalry affected Transoxiana's internal politics. Regional context: Transoxiana and the Samanid sphere. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Mansur al-Maturidi: Theologian associated with Transoxiana; he died around 944, but his school remained influential. Regional context: Baghdad and the Islamic scholarly-administrative world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn Abd al-Razzaq: Iranian military commander whose career linked Samanid and regional Iranian politics. Regional context: Northern Iran and the Buyid world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Muhammad al-Muhallabi: Buyid vizier serving Mu'izz al-Dawla, central to fiscal administration and court management. Regional context: Baghdad and the Islamic scholarly-administrative world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani: Isma'ili missionary and theologian active in the tenth-century religious-intellectual world. Regional context: Baghdad and the Islamic scholarly-administrative world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Abu Yazid: Deceased after the failed revolt of 947; his revolt and its aftermath are starting history, not a living rebel actor. Abusahl-Hamazasp Artsruni: King of Vaspurakan around Lake Van in the mid-tenth century. Regional context: the Armenian highlands around Lake Van. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Afrighid Khwarazm: The Afrighid dynasty ruled Khwarazm around 950, centered in the lower Amu Darya region. Its political ties with larger powers shifted over time; represent it as a regional dynasty rather than assuming direct Samanid administration everywhere in Khwarazm. Al-Masudi: Historian and geographer whose writings preserve observations on the tenth-century Islamic world. Regional context: Baghdad and the Islamic scholarly-administrative world. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Alberic II of Rome: Roman aristocrat and effective ruler of Rome until 954. Regional context: Southern Italy. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Alptigin: Turkic military commander in the Samanid world, part of the networks from which Ghazni's later power emerged. Regional context: Transoxiana and the Samanid sphere. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Amlaíb Cuarán: Norse-Gael ruler tied to Dublin, York, and maritime networks around the Irish Sea. Regional context: Ireland. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Anglo-Saxon England: Anglo-Saxon England in 950 is still in a process of consolidation under West Saxon rule. King Eadred (r. 946–955) rules Wessex and claims authority over the English; regional power and Viking pressure remain important, and a fully unified kingdom is not yet secure. Armenian Principality of Taron: An Armenian principality in the eastern Anatolian highlands, connected to the wider Bagratid political world and increasingly exposed to Byzantine pressure during the tenth century. Its status and frontiers shifted. It remains off-map because the existing Turkey cells are centered near Constantinople and cannot accurately represent Taron without splitting or adding a cell. Arnulf I of Flanders: Count of Flanders whose rule relied on inheritance, fortifications, and ties with West Francia. Regional context: Flanders. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Ashot-Sahak Artsruni: Artsruni dynastic figure linked to Vaspurakan's later succession; his main reign falls after 950. Regional context: Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Časlav Klonimirović: Serbian ruler who restored a measure of political cohesion in the central Balkans. Regional context: The Balkans. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Bagrat II of Abkhazia: Abkhazian royal figure associated with the late tenth-century dynasty; early chronology is uncertain. Regional context: Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Bagrat II of Tao: Bagrationi ruler associated with Tao-Klarjeti in the later tenth century; do not project later control backward. Regional context: Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia: The Armenian kingdom under King Abas I (r. 928–953), centered on the Bagratid royal house and Armenian highland strongholds. Its authority competes with neighboring Armenian principalities and regional powers; do not treat all Armenian lands as uniformly centralized. Banu Amir Confederation (including Kilab and Uqayl): Arab tribal confederation with branches including Banu Kilab and Banu Uqayl, associated with parts of the Hejaz–Najd transition and central Arabia. By the tenth century migration and Qarmatian-era conflict complicate fixed boundaries; model it as a mobile network with overlapping pasture and route claims. Off-map because no cell isolates its changing range. Banu Asad Tribal Polity: Arab tribal grouping of central and northern Arabia with shifting branches and influence. In 950 model it as decentralized tribal authority with seasonal movement, not a fixed territorial kingdom. The Hail cell is a coarse proxy only. Banu Hanifa of al-Yamama: Arab tribal group associated with al-Yamama in central Arabia. In 950 represent a regional tribal authority and oasis network, not a centralized kingdom. The Riyadh Region cell is only a rough proxy for the al-Yamama hinterland, not the whole modern Saudi state. Banu Ilyas (Ilyasid Dynasty of Kerman): The Ilyasid dynasty, also known as Banu Ilyas, rules Kerman in 950 CE under Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his dynasty. Its authority is centered on Kerman and should not be confused with Buyid rule over all of Iran; regional power and overlordship shifted during the tenth century. Banu Tamim Tribal Polity: Major Arab tribal grouping associated with central and eastern Arabia. Its branches were mobile and locally rooted rather than a single centralized state. In 950 its influence overlapped other tribes and regional powers; the Northern Borders cell is only a rough proxy, not an exact tribal boundary. Bardas Phokas: Member of the Phokas military family, born around the mid-tenth century; his major command career came later. Regional context: Byzantium. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Barghawata Confederation: An independent Berber/Amazigh confederation and religious-political community on Morocco's Atlantic coast, established in the eighth century and still relevant around 950. It was not an Arab tribe and did not rule all Morocco; its core lay in coastal Tamesna. Off-map because the Morocco cell is too broad and remains a coarse proxy for fragmented Idrisid and local Amazigh authority. Basil Lekapenos: Byzantine court figure born around the mid-tenth century, later influential in imperial administration. Regional context: Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Basil Peteinos: Byzantine court and military official promoted during Constantine VII's consolidation of personal rule in the mid-940s. His office and influence should be modeled through court access and command networks rather than as an independent ruler. Bhauma-Kara Dynasty of Odisha: The Bhauma-Kara dynasty governed parts of coastal Odisha into the tenth century, although its late chronology and transition to successor powers require caution. Treat this as a regional dynasty, not a claim over all eastern India. Butuga II: Western Ganga ruler and military ally of the Rashtrakutas, active in the tenth-century Deccan power balance. Regional context: southern Karnataka and the western Ganga realm. Treat uncertain borders and reign dates cautiously. Buyid Amirate of Baghdad: The Buyids entered Baghdad in 945 and exercise effective power over the Abbasid caliph and the capital's political-military environment. Mu'izz al-Dawla is the leading Buyid ruler in Baghdad in 950; the Abbasid caliphate survives as a source of religious legitimacy. Buyid Branches of Fars and Rayy: Related Buyid rulers govern important Iranian regions separately from the Baghdad branch. Their alliance is a family power structure, not a single perfectly centralized state; rival ambitions and succession disputes can strain cooperation. Byzantine Empire: Eastern Roman Empire ruled by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in 950. Constantinople is the imperial center; Anatolia, the Aegean, Greece, and parts of the Balkans form the core, while eastern frontier warfare and uneven Balkan control shape policy. Chahamana Kingdom of Shakambhari: A regional dynasty in the north-western subcontinent, with authority centered around Shakambhari in the Ajmer region. In 950 its power should be modeled as regional and developing, not as the later expansive Chauhan realm. Champa: A collection of Cham polities along the central Vietnamese coast, connected to maritime trade and regional warfare. Its political geography should reflect changing centers and alliances rather than a fixed modern border. Chandela Kingdom of Jejakabhukti: A regional kingdom in Bundelkhand, represented around 950 by Dhanga's early rise. It is not equivalent to the whole modern Uttar Pradesh or Madhya Pradesh; local control and Pratihara overlordship changed over time. Chandra Dynasty of Southeastern Bengal: A Buddhist dynasty that emerged in southeastern Bengal around the tenth century and became important in the region. In 950 its chronology and territorial reach should be treated cautiously; do not portray it as ruling all Bengal or replace the Pala dynasty across the north. Chaulukya Kingdom of Gujarat: The Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty emerged in Gujarat in the tenth century, traditionally associated with Mularaja's rise around the mid-940s. Its early reach and exact chronology remain debated; model it as an emerging regional kingdom rather than assuming full control of every part of modern Gujarat. Chera Perumal Kingdom: The Chera Perumal polity of Kerala, also called the Later Cheras, was a distinct south-western Indian kingdom with maritime trade and temple-centered regional institutions. No separate Kerala cell exists in this map, so this entity is kept off-map rather than assigning it Karnataka. Chola Kingdom: A rising south Indian kingdom under Gandaraditya around 950. It is one of several competing regional powers, not a ruler of all southern India; succession and military fortunes must follow the period's chronology. Congalach Cnogba: High King of Ireland from 944 to 956, whose power rested on alliances among Irish kingdoms. Regional context: Ireland. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. County of Anjou: A West Frankish county ruled in 950 by Fulk II. Anjou was a regional principality whose authority depended on the count's local following, fortifications, and relations with neighboring magnates; it was not an independent kingdom or a modern territorial state. This actor is off-map because the current map cells do not isolate Anjou's historical borders. County of Barcelona: A frontier county in the northeastern Iberian March, governed jointly by Borrell II and Miró I after Sunyer's retirement in 947. Its territory was not a duchy in the formal sense; its ties to West Francia and relations with Córdoba were pragmatic and changing. The modern Spain cell is too broad to show its exact borders. County of Flanders: A developing principality under Count Arnulf I in 950, with a distinct political identity and ties to West Francia. Its frontier and overlordship did not match modern Belgium or later Low Countries borders. County of Toulouse: A southern Frankish county ruled by local counts with substantial autonomy in 950. Its influence overlapped a wider network of southern counties and march territories; the modern metropolitan France cell is only a gameplay proxy. County of Urgell: A Pyrenean county in the eastern Hispanic March, distinct from the County of Barcelona and the Caliphate of Córdoba. It was an established Christian frontier polity in 950, though the Spain cell cannot depict its exact territory separately. Dương Tam Kha: Vietnamese ruler after Ngô Quyền's death, challenged by the Ngô royal family and regional lords. Regional context: Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Java. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. David III of Tao: Bagrationi prince who later became a major Caucasian power broker; not yet at the height of his rule in 950. Regional context: Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Dhanga Chandela: Chandela ruler from around 950, strengthening a regional power in central India. Regional context: central India. Treat uncertain borders and reign dates cautiously. Duchy of Amalfi: A maritime duchy on the southern Italian coast, with local political autonomy and commercial links across the Mediterranean. In 950 Amalfi should be treated as a distinct coastal actor whose influence depends on ships, ports, trade, and regional diplomacy, not as a province uniformly administered by a larger neighboring state. Off-map because no separate cell represents its territory. Duchy of Aquitaine: A powerful regional principality in southwestern West Francia, whose dukes and counts held substantial autonomy. In 950 the region's authority was fragmented among local magnates; the modern France cell cannot display its exact internal frontier. Duchy of Bavaria: A major duchy within the East Frankish kingdom in 950, governed through its own ducal house and regional elites. It was not an independent kingdom; the current Germany cell is too broad to show Bavaria's separate internal territory, so its autonomy is represented by this actor rather than a false modern-shaped border. Duchy of Bohemia: The Přemyslid duchy under Boleslaus I (c. 935–972) was a growing power centered on Prague in 950. It was a duchy, not yet a kingdom; its frontier control and relationship with East Francia varied over time. Duchy of Brittany: A regionally autonomous Breton polity under Alan II (Alain Barbetorte, r. 938–952) in 950, with local magnates and a fluid relationship with West Francia. Recent Viking incursions and the restoration of Breton rule shaped its politics; this cell is only a rough proxy. Duchy of Lotharingia: The Duchy of Lotharingia, also called Lower Lorraine in later usage, remained within the East Frankish political sphere in 950. Local magnates retained substantial practical autonomy; do not confuse it with later Brabant or Limburg. Duchy of Naples: An autonomous southern Italian duchy in 950, governed by its own local ruling elite and maintaining a complex relationship with the Byzantine Empire and neighboring Lombard principalities. Its autonomy, military capacity, and diplomatic choices must be modeled separately from any empire that claims influence over it. Off-map actor: the existing map lacks a separate polygon for the duchy. Duchy of Venice: The Venetian lagoon duchy was a distinct political community in 950, led by Doge Pietro III Candiano (in office from about 942). Venice maintained its own institutions and maritime interests while its formal relationship with Byzantium remained important and politically fluid. It was not yet a later territorial republic controlling a broad mainland empire. Off-map actor because the existing Italy cell cannot isolate the lagoon. Durlabharaja II of Shakambhari: Chahamana ruler in the tenth century, representing a regional power in northwestern India. Regional context: Indian regional kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Dvaravati Polities: Mon-speaking Buddhist urban polities in central Thailand. By 950, Khmer expansion and local rulers create shifting frontier networks; Dvaravati should not be treated as a centralized state ruling all of modern Thailand. Early Balinese Kingdoms: Bali had local dynastic rule and inscriptions by the tenth century, with political and cultural links to Java. This actor represents the island's local courtly polity, not a later unified Balinese kingdom with fixed modern-style borders. East Frankish Kingdom: The East Frankish kingdom under Otto I in 950. Royal authority is negotiated with dukes, bishops, and regional magnates. The later formal Holy Roman Empire should not be projected backward as if already fully constituted. Eastern Chalukya Kingdom of Vengi: The Eastern Chalukya dynasty rules the Vengi region of the eastern Deccan. It has its own dynastic succession and local interests despite pressure and intervention by larger powers, including the Rashtrakutas. Eastern Ganga Kingdom of Kalinga: The Eastern Ganga dynasty was a regional power in Kalinga and the eastern coast. Its territory and degree of control shifted over time; distinguish it from the Bhauma-Karas of Odisha and avoid extending either dynasty across all of eastern India. Eirik Bloodaxe: Norwegian royal claimant later associated with York and the North Sea political world. Regional context: Scandinavia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Emirate of Crete: A Muslim emirate established on Crete in the ninth century and still independent in 950; Byzantine reconquest occurred in 961. Its maritime raids and trade shaped the Aegean. Off-map because the existing map does not isolate Crete as a separate cell. Emirate of Mansurah: A Muslim emirate in lower Sindh, centered on Mansurah and distinct from the Emirate of Multan. Its effective reach was regional and should not be extended across the whole Indus basin without evidence. Emirate of Multan: An Ismaili-ruled emirate centered on Multan in the upper Indus region in the tenth century. Its relationship with the Fatimids and neighboring powers should not be treated as automatic direct Fatimid administration. Emirate of Nekor: A Muslim Berber emirate in the Rif of northern Morocco, founded in the eighth century and still part of the region's political history around 950. Its territory was local and distinct from the fragmented Idrisids and Barghawata; off-map because the Morocco cell cannot isolate the Rif. Emirate of Tbilisi: A Muslim emirate centered on Tbilisi, politically distinct from the Kingdom of Abkhazia and the Kingdom of the Iberians. In the mid-tenth century it is an important local Caucasian power balancing neighboring Christian rulers and larger regional dynasties. Emperor Shizong of Liao: Khitan Liao emperor in 950. His reign is shaped by elite politics within the Khitan ruling house and the management of both steppe and settled populations. Eurasian Frontier Peoples: A deliberately broad placeholder for smaller regional and tribal polities not yet modeled individually. It must not be used as a single actor in detailed diplomacy when a historically identifiable group can be named. Fatimid Caliphate: Isma'ili Shi'a caliphate based in Ifriqiya. In 950 its caliph is al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah; it has not yet conquered Egypt. Its power rests on Ifriqiya, its army, and a competing claim to universal caliphal legitimacy. Feng Dao: Chinese statesman and chancellor who served several northern dynasties during the Five Dynasties era. Regional context: Southern China and the Ten Kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Fernán González of Castile: Count of Castile who expanded practical autonomy while navigating León and Córdoba. Regional context: Iberia and Córdoba. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. First Bulgarian Empire: A major Balkan state under Tsar Peter I. Its relations with Byzantium involve diplomacy, dynastic arrangements, church status, and periodic military tension; do not assume either side has uncontested control of every Balkan region. Fulk II of Anjou: Count of Anjou from 942 to 960, consolidating his family's position. Regional context: West Francia and western Europe. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Galuh Kingdom: A West Javanese polity associated with the eastern part of the Sunda cultural sphere. Its relationship with Sunda and the shifting dynastic geography of Java around 950 is not fully clear; treat it as a distinct regional actor with approximate borders, not a modern province. Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom: An Uyghur kingdom centered on Ganzhou (modern Zhangye) in the Hexi Corridor. It is distinct from Khotan, the Qarakhanids, and Qocho; it maintains regional diplomacy and trade with Chinese successor courts and neighboring powers. Its exact borders are uncertain, so it remains off-map in this coarse board. Gao Baorong of Jingnan: Ruler of Jingnan from 948 to 960, preserving a small strategic state through diplomacy. Regional context: Southern China and the Ten Kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Gausfred I of Empúries: Count of Empúries and Roussillon, ruling a coastal Catalan polity. Regional context: Iberia and Córdoba. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Gero the Great: East Frankish margrave and frontier magnate under Otto I. Regional context: the East Frankish frontier marches. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Gisulf I of Salerno: Prince of Salerno from 946 to 977, defending local autonomy amid regional competition. Regional context: Southern Italy. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of Dublin: Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin from 948 to 951. In 950 his authority was centered on Dublin and its maritime hinterland, while Irish overkings and regional kingdoms remained independent; do not treat him as ruler of all Ireland. Gopala II of the Pala line: Pala dynastic ruler or claimant associated with Bengal's tenth-century succession; effective control and chronology are uncertain. Regional context: Indian regional kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Guhila Kingdom of Mewar: The Guhila dynasty held a regional position in Mewar and the southern Aravalli area. Its local authority should be distinguished from the wider Pratihara political sphere and from later Mewar statehood. Guiyijun of Shazhou: The Guiyijun, or Return-to-Righteousness Army, was a local regime centered on Shazhou/Dunhuang under the Cao family. It controlled a strategic oasis and Silk Road corridor, balancing relations with neighboring Uyghur rulers and Chinese dynasties. Do not confuse its local military government with direct rule by a distant Chinese court. Pratihara: The Pratihara Kingdom in northern India in 950, ruled by a weakening but still significant imperial dynasty after its earlier peak. Kannauj and the Ganga-Yamuna region remain central to its claims, while regional houses and rival powers limit effective control. Distinguish direct rule from overlordship and local autonomy. Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo: The Hamdanid branch in northern Syria is ruled by Sayf al-Dawla. It competes with Byzantium along the frontier and must balance raids, fortifications, diplomacy, and local urban interests. Hamdanid Emirate of Mosul: A separate political state of the Hamdanid dynasty in northern Mesopotamia under Nasir al-Dawla in 950 CE. The Emirate of Mosul governs its own court, military, revenues, and diplomacy across the Mosul–Erbil–Duhok sphere represented by this coarse map. It is dynastically related to, but politically distinct from, Sayf al-Dawla’s Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo; neither branch is automatically subordinate to the other. Baghdad and much of southern Iraq remain in the Buyid political sphere. Hariphunchai Kingdom: A Mon-speaking Buddhist kingdom centered at Lamphun in northern mainland Southeast Asia. It was a distinct polity in the tenth century, although its exact boundaries and relations with neighboring Tai and Khmer-speaking communities are uncertain. Off-map because the current Thailand cell cannot isolate northern Thailand. Hatay–Antioch Frontier: Frontier marker for the Antioch/Hatay corridor, where Hamdanid power and Byzantine frontier pressure met. This is an actor/region marker, not a newly cut polygon: the current map cell geometry cannot be split into a separate Hatay province in this editor. Heian Japan: Japan is in the Heian period under the imperial court, with Fujiwara regents exercising major political influence. The court, aristocratic families, provinces, and warrior groups should not be modeled as a modern centralized nation-state. Hermann Billung: Saxon noble and military leader associated with Ottonian frontier governance. Regional context: Saxony and the northeastern East Frankish frontier. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Hindu Shahi Kingdom: The Hindu Shahi state governed parts of the Kabul-Punjab frontier in the tenth century, facing pressure from the Samanids and neighboring powers. Its control should not be equated with all modern Pakistan or Afghanistan. Hywel Dda: Welsh ruler associated with Deheubarth and legal traditions; his death is usually placed around 950. Regional context: Scotland and Wales. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Imamate of Oman: The Ibadi Imamate of Oman, centered in the Omani interior around Nizwa. In this 950 CE scenario it is represented separately from the Wajihid dynasty, which is assigned to the Tawam/al-Buraimi region represented by the modern United Arab Emirates map cell. The broad map cells simplify the historical coastal–interior division. Idrisid Dynasty: The Idrisid dynasty survives in fragmented form in parts of northern Morocco, amid local Amazigh powers and the expanding influence of Umayyad Córdoba. In 950 its authority is regional and fragmented; it does not control all Morocco as a centralized state. Ikhshidid Dynasty of Egypt and Syria: The Ikhshidid state controls Egypt and southern Syria from Fustat. In 950 Abu al-Qasim Unujur is the nominal ruler, while the powerful military commander and regent Abu al-Misk Kafur exercises substantial effective authority. Northern Syria around Aleppo is controlled by the Hamdanid branch under Sayf al-Dawla. The Fatimids have not yet conquered Egypt. Indravarman III of Champa: Champa ruler associated with the first half of the tenth century; the exact final chronology is uncertain. Regional context: Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Java. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Jafar ibn Ali of Tbilisi: A tenth-century emir associated with Tbilisi's Muslim ruling house. His authority is local and constrained by the competing Georgian dynasties and larger powers surrounding the Caucasus. Jayasimha I of Vengi: Eastern Chalukya dynastic figure associated with the early tenth-century succession; chronology around this period is debated. Regional context: the Vengi kingdom in the eastern Deccan. Treat uncertain borders and reign dates cautiously. Jingnan (Nanping) Kingdom: A small Ten Kingdoms regime centered on Jiangling, controlling a strategic corridor along the middle Yangtze. In 950 it remains a distinct polity between larger Chinese regimes; the Hubei cell is only a coarse proxy for its core. Jingnan State: A small state centered around the middle Yangtze under Gao Baorong in 950. Its survival depended on diplomacy and strategic positioning rather than the ability to match larger Chinese kingdoms militarily. John I Tzimiskes: Byzantine military figure born in the tenth century who became prominent later; not yet emperor in 950. Regional context: Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Joseph Bringas: Byzantine eunuch official who rose through imperial service under Constantine VII. His senior court and naval offices belong to the later 950s and Romanos II's reign; in the opening year, portray his influence as emerging rather than as an established chief minister. Kalachuri Kingdom of Tripuri: The Kalachuri dynasty of Chedi, centered on Tripuri near modern Jabalpur, was an important central Indian regional power in the tenth century. Its influence overlapped with neighboring dynasties and should not be treated as a precisely bounded modern province. Kalbid Emirate of Sicily: The Kalbid dynasty governs Sicily under Fatimid suzerainty, with al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi associated with the emirate from 948. Local military and maritime interests give the island substantial practical autonomy. Kamarupa Kingdom: Kamarupa was a historic polity in the Brahmaputra valley, but its precise political configuration in 950 is less securely represented by this map. Keep it distinct from Bengal; no dedicated Assam cell exists, so this entity is kept off-map. Khitan Liao Dynasty: A Khitan-led dynasty founded in 907 and a major power in northeast Asia. Emperor Shizong rules in 950. Its steppe and settled territories, tributary relations, and frontier influence should not be confused with later Jin or Mongol states. Khmer Realm of Angkor: A major mainland Southeast Asian power centered around Angkor, with regional influence shaped by irrigation, temple institutions, manpower, and relations with neighboring polities. Kimek–Kipchak Confederation: A confederation of steppe peoples across northern and eastern Kazakhstan. For the year 950 this is a more cautious historical label than projecting the later, fully developed Cuman–Kipchak confederation backward; Cuman power farther west becomes more prominent later. Kingdom of Abkhazia: A major western Georgian polity under King George II (r. 916–960), with influence across western Georgia and ambitions in the wider Georgian lands. It is not yet the unified Kingdom of Georgia. Kingdom of Ailech / Northern Uí Néill: A northern Irish regional polity associated with the Uí Néill of Ailech. Its influence centered on parts of Ulster and was distinct from the Norse-Gaelic Kingdom of Dublin and other Irish kingdoms; the modern cell is only a geographic proxy. Kingdom of Alba: The northern British kingdom ruled by Malcolm I in 950. Its extent and frontier zones were not identical to modern Scotland; local lordships and Norse influence complicated control in the north and west. Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles: A kingdom in the Rhône and Alpine region with a distinct political identity and local aristocratic power. Its exact authority varies by locality and must not be confused with modern Switzerland or France. Kingdom of Chu: A regional kingdom in the Hunan area undergoing a succession crisis in 950. Ma Xiguang and Ma Xichong are associated with its final political struggle before Southern Tang conquest in 951. Kingdom of Croatia: The Croatian kingdom under Michael Krešimir II (r. 949–969) was the strongest of the three regional polities represented in this Balkan setup. The Croatia cell is assigned to it; its actual tenth-century borders were not identical to modern Croatia. Kingdom of Denmark: A Scandinavian kingdom with evolving royal authority and regional elites. Specific rulers and claims should be used only when supported by reliable tenth-century evidence. Kingdom of Dublin: A Norse-Gaelic polity centered on Dublin and its surrounding coastal sphere. It was not sovereign over all Ireland; the island's many Irish kingdoms remained distinct, so the broad Ireland cell is marked contested/layered. Kingdom of Gwynedd: A Welsh kingdom in northwestern Wales with a long dynastic tradition and regional authority in the tenth century. For the 950 CE map, Gwynedd is represented by the broad Wales cell; the exact borders of Welsh kingdoms were more fluid than this map cell can show. Italian Kingdoms and Principalities: A contested post-Carolingian kingdom in the Italian peninsula, with competing royal claims, powerful aristocrats, and influence from neighboring rulers. Do not equate it with the modern Italian state. Kingdom of Kashmir: The Kashmir Kingdom under Kshemagupta from 950 to 958. Court factions and dynastic politics matter. The current map has no dedicated Kashmir cell, so this polity is kept off-map rather than falsely assigning it Ladakh. Kingdom of León: A Christian kingdom in northwestern Iberia in 950, ruled by Ramiro II until 951. Its authority and frontier with Córdoba, Pamplona, and the eastern counties were changing; the existing modern Spain cell cannot show its borders separately from al-Andalus and the County of Barcelona. Kingdom of Makuria: A Nubian Christian kingdom along the middle Nile, with its own royal and ecclesiastical institutions and relations with Egypt. It is distinct from Alodia. Kingdom of Pamplona: A Christian Pyrenean kingdom under the Jiménez dynasty, balancing local aristocrats, neighboring Christian rulers, and the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. Kingdom of Qocho: An eastern Uyghur kingdom centered around Qocho and the Turfan oasis, established after the Uyghur Khaganate's collapse in the ninth century. It is separate from Buddhist Khotan and the Ganzhou Uyghurs. Its territory and relations with neighbors should be treated cautiously because the board has no cell isolating Turfan. Kingdom of Strathclyde: A Brittonic kingdom centered on the Clyde valley, still a distinct power in the tenth century amid pressure from Alba, English rulers, and Norse-Gaelic forces. Its precise borders and succession around 950 are uncertain; off-map because the current British cells cannot isolate its territory. Kingdom of the Iberians (Tao-Klarjeti): A Georgian Bagrationi realm centered on Tao-Klarjeti in the southern Caucasus. In 950 it is distinct from the Kingdom of Abkhazia and from the Muslim emirate of Tbilisi; a unified Kingdom of Georgia does not yet exist. Kingdom of Vaspurakan: Independent Armenian kingdom of the Artsruni dynasty around Lake Van, ruled in 950 by Abusahl-Hamazasp. Its borders overlapped with a patchwork of Armenian principalities and neighboring powers; this is a text marker placed at Lake Van, not a newly drawn province polygon. Kingdom of Wuyue: A southern Chinese kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era, centered in the lower Yangtze region. It has its own court and is not subordinate to a unified Chinese state. Kyrgyz Tribal Polity: A representation of Kyrgyz-speaking steppe groups near the Altai and western Mongolian frontier. The best-attested Yenisei Kyrgyz core lay farther northwest, so the mapped cell is only a coarse frontier approximation, not a claim of settled direct rule over all western Mongolia. Landulf II of Benevento: Lombard prince associated with Benevento and Capua. Regional context: Southern Italy. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Later Han Dynasty: One of the Five Dynasties in northern China at the opening of 950, ruled by Liu Chengyou. It is politically fragile and is replaced by Later Zhou in 951; do not trigger that transition at the start of 950. Later Shu Kingdom: A separate kingdom centered on Sichuan under Meng Chang in 950. Its court, agricultural wealth, and mountain geography supported regional autonomy amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era. Lavo Kingdom: A regional polity centered around Lopburi in central Thailand, within the changing political landscape of the Chao Phraya basin. In 950 its institutional continuity and borders are less certain than later accounts suggest; represent it as a regional court, not a modern national state. Off-map due to coarse map cells. Leo Phokas the Younger: Byzantine aristocrat and military commander of the Phokas family, active during Constantine VII's reign. He was associated with high eastern and western commands; distinguish his role from his brother Nikephoros's later imperial reign. Liu Sheng of Southern Han: Ruler from 943 at Guangzhou; replaces the earlier mistaken Liu Bin identity, whose death occurred in 943. Ma Xichong of Chu: Brief ruler of Chu in 950 before the kingdom's collapse to Southern Tang. Regional context: Southern China and the Ten Kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Ma Xiguang of Chu: Ruler of Chu in 947–950; his contested succession triggered a political crisis. Regional context: Southern China and the Ten Kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Magyar Principality of the Carpathian Basin: Magyar political communities centered in the Carpathian Basin after the major settlement of the late ninth century. Leadership and territorial control are not identical to a later centralized kingdom; the Christian Kingdom of Hungary is not yet established. Manuel Kourtikes: Byzantine court officer associated with the transition to Constantine VII's personal government in 945. He represents the palace and military-security network; do not treat him as a territorial sovereign. Marianos Argyros: Byzantine military commander and court figure active in imperial military networks. Regional context: Byzantium. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Medang (Mataram) Kingdom: A Hindu-Buddhist Javanese kingdom ruled by the Isyana dynasty in 950, with its political center in eastern Java after Mpu Sindok's relocation around 929. Its agrarian base, river valleys, temple institutions, and court networks sustain its power; do not treat it as ruler of the entire Indonesian archipelago. Merkit and Mongolic Tribal Polities: A collective actor for Mongolic and forest-steppe communities in the Baikal-Buryatia region. The Merkits are more clearly visible in later sources, especially the twelfth century; in 950 this entity represents a cautious tribal landscape, not a fully documented Merkit kingdom. Michael Krešimir II of Croatia: King of Croatia from 949 to 969, ruling through regional elites and church networks. Regional context: The Balkans. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Mieszko I: Early Piast dynast who emerges clearly in the record around 960; do not treat a unified Kingdom of Poland as established in 950. Regional context: the Polish lands and West Slavic tribal communities. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Miró I, Count of Barcelona: Joint count of Barcelona, Girona, and Osona with his brother Borrell II from 947 until his death in 966. His role is associated especially with internal administration around Barcelona and its neighboring districts. Mpu Sindok: Deceased in 947; his Isyana dynastic legacy continues through successors in Java, which is beyond this clipped map's southern extent. Ngô Dynasty of Đại Việt: The Ngô dynasty governs the independent Vietnamese polity established after the end of Chinese rule in 939. Do not describe northern Vietnam as still uniformly under Chinese administration in 950. Ngô Xương Ngập: Son of Ngô Quyền and dynastic claimant, later sharing power with his brother. Regional context: Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Java. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Ngô Xương Văn: Ngô prince and dynastic claimant who later helped restore his family's rule. Regional context: Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Java. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Nikephoros II Phokas: Byzantine general from a prominent military family, later a leading emperor and eastern campaigner. Regional context: Byzantium. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Duchy of Normandy (Norman Principality of Rouen): The Norman Principality of Rouen, commonly called the Duchy of Normandy in later terminology, is ruled by Richard I in 950 while he is still a child, under guardianship following William Longsword's death in 942. The polity is centered on Rouen and the lower Seine and is still consolidating; the Normandy map cell is a coarse modern geographic proxy, not a claim that Norman authority uniformly covered all of modern Normandy. Nubian Christian Kingdoms: A collective entry for Makuria and Alodia, distinct Christian kingdoms along the Nile south of Egypt. They have separate rulers and interests and should not be merged into one sovereign state in detailed diplomacy. Oghuz Yabgu State: A confederated Oghuz Turkic polity spanning parts of the Aral Sea, lower Syr Darya, and western Kazakh steppe. Its authority is mobile and tribal, with boundaries that should not be drawn as modern-style surveyed borders. Other Indian Regional Kingdoms: A collective entry representing the many regional powers of the subcontinent, including Kashmir, the Hindu Shahis, Paramaras, Chandelas, and other local dynasties. For any specific war or diplomatic act, identify the actual polity and ruler rather than treating this group as one state. Pagan Kingdom: An emerging polity in the Irrawaddy valley. Its tenth-century power and boundaries should be represented cautiously rather than assigned the later extent of the Pagan Empire. Pandulf I Ironhead: Lombard prince of Capua and Benevento, a key actor in southern Italian rivalries. Regional context: Southern Italy. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Pandya Kingdom: The Pandya dynasty was a distinct Tamil regional power in the far south. Its strength and territory varied; do not treat all of Tamil Nadu as Pandya territory while the Chola kingdom controlled much of the northern and central Tamil region around 950. Papal States: The territorial domain of the Roman papacy in central Italy. In 950 it coexists with powerful Roman aristocratic families and neighboring Italian rulers; its effective control is uneven and should not be drawn as the later, fully developed Papal State. It remains off-map because the available cells do not separately represent central mainland Italy. Paramara Kingdom of Malwa: A rising regional dynasty in Malwa under Siyaka II around 950. Its authority was developing amid the weakening Pratihara order and rivalry with the Rashtrakutas; do not assign it all of central India. Pecheneg Confederation: Mobile Turkic-speaking steppe confederation north of the Black Sea. Political authority is distributed among leaders and clans; power depends on horses, pasture, mobility, diplomacy, and shifting alliances rather than fixed modern borders. Polans and West Slavic Tribal Polities: West Slavic communities in and around the lands later associated with Poland. In 950, the Polans are a rising regional group, but a securely centralized Kingdom of Poland has not yet been established. Borders are approximate and tribal authority is uneven. Principality of Benevento: An independent Lombard principality in southern Italy, ruled in 950 by Landulf II. It remained distinct from Capua and Salerno despite dynastic links and periods of shared rule; Byzantine coastal holdings and local magnates complicated the region. It remains off-map because the available geometry does not provide a separate mainland southern-Italian cell. Principality of Kakheti: A Georgian principality in eastern Caucasia, distinct from Abkhazia and Tao-Klarjeti. In 950 it was not part of a unified Kingdom of Georgia; borders and overlordship shifted among local dynasties. Off-map because the map cannot isolate its historical territory. Principality of Salerno: An independent Lombard principality in southern Italy, ruled in 950 by Gisulf I. Salerno had its own dynastic interests and could cooperate or compete with neighboring Lombard and Byzantine powers; it must not be merged automatically with Benevento or Capua. Off-map because the current map lacks a separate mainland southern-Italian cell. Principality of Zahumlje: A regional principality on the eastern Adriatic hinterland, associated with the area around modern Herzegovina and the southern Dalmatian coast. The Bosnia and Herzegovina cell is a broad proxy only; it should not be read as a claim that Zahumlje ruled all of modern Bosnia. Karakhanids: An emerging Turkic dynasty across parts of the eastern steppe and Kashgar/Transoxiana frontier. In 950 its political configuration and territorial extent remain uncertain; avoid projecting the later extent of the dynasty backward. Rajaditya Chola: Deceased at Takkolam in 949; his loss affects the Chola household and surviving army. Rashtrakuta Empire: A major Deccan power in the Indian subcontinent under Krishna III around 950. Its campaigns and authority affect the Deccan and southern Indian politics, but regional vassalage and local rule complicate its reach. Raymond III Pons of Toulouse: Southern Frankish count whose authority rested on regional alliances; his death is usually placed around 950. Regional context: West Francia and western Europe. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Rus' of Kyiv: A developing East Slavic and Norse-connected polity centered on Kyiv, with authority over associated river routes and tributary communities. In 950 Olga acts as regent after Igor's death in 945; Sviatoslav is still a child. Control beyond core centers is uneven. Saffarid Dynasty of Sistan: A reduced but surviving regional dynasty based in Sistan. Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad is its ruler in 950. Its reach is far smaller than the early Saffarid expansion and should not be portrayed as ruling all Iran. Sallarid Dynasty: A Daylamite dynasty whose power base lay in Tarom and parts of Azerbaijan and Arran. Marzuban ibn Muhammad is its leading ruler in 950. The map marker is placed in Tabriz as a coarse proxy for the Sallarids' northwestern Iranian-Azerbaijani sphere. Samanid Emirate: Persianate Sunni dynasty ruling Transoxiana and much of eastern Iran from Bukhara and Samarkand. The amir in 950 is Nuh I. The court supports Persian literary culture and relies on regional governors and military commanders, including Turkic military personnel. Samanid Turkic Military Commanders: Turkic military commanders and household elites serve within the Samanid political order. The later independent Ghaznavid Empire should not be placed on the map as already established in 950. Sanhaja Confederation: Amazigh confederations and groups associated with the western Sahara and Maghreb caravan routes. In 950 their authority was distributed among groups and leaders rather than a single centralized empire; this actor represents the Saharan network cautiously, not the later Almoravid movement. Sardinian Judicates: Local Sardinian rulers and emerging giudicati are represented collectively. The island's tenth-century political divisions are imperfectly documented, so this is a regional actor rather than a claim that Sardinia was already a single centralized kingdom. Scandinavian Kingdoms and Chiefdoms: A broad grouping for the varied Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish political communities of the tenth century. Use separate rulers and polities when evidence supports them; do not invent a unified Scandinavian empire or impose uncertain genealogies as fact. Serbian Principality: A Serbian polity associated with the Vlastimirović dynasty and local rulers in the tenth-century western Balkans. The Serbia cell is a coarse proxy only; do not call it a fully consolidated later Serbian kingdom. Shirvanshahs: The Shirvanshah dynasty rules Shirvan on the western Caspian coast. Its rulers maneuver among neighboring powers in Arran, Armenia, the Caucasus, and the Islamic Iranian world; its territory should not be equated with all of modern Azerbaijan. Midrarid Emirate of Sijilmasa: Sijilmasa was a major trans-Saharan trading city in southeastern Morocco, ruled by the Midrarid dynasty until its incorporation into the Maghrawa sphere late in the tenth century. In 950 treat it as a distinct oasis-commercial polity, not a state covering all Morocco. Off-map because no cell isolates Sijilmasa. Siyaka II Paramara: Paramara ruler of Malwa in the mid-tenth century, consolidating a regional dynasty. Regional context: Malwa and central India. Treat uncertain borders and reign dates cautiously. Somavamshi Dynasty of Dakshina Kosala: The Somavamshi dynasty was an important power in the Odisha-Dakshina Kosala region, but its rise and territorial reach around 950 should be handled cautiously because the transition from earlier regional powers was gradual. Do not assign it all of modern Chhattisgarh or Odisha automatically. Song Qiqiu: Southern Tang statesman and court adviser whose influence was shaped by factional struggles. Regional context: Southern China and the Ten Kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Southern China: Ten Kingdoms: A collective map entry for the separate southern regimes of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era, including Wuyue, Southern Tang, Southern Han, Jingnan and other regional courts as appropriate. These are distinct states with separate rulers, not one unified southern Chinese kingdom. Southern Han: A southern Chinese kingdom centered in the Lingnan region, participating in regional diplomacy and trade independently of the northern dynasties. Southern Tang: A major southern Chinese kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, with its own ruler, court, army, and diplomatic interests. Srivijaya: A Buddhist maritime polity centered on Sumatra and the Strait of Malacca trade network. In 950 it remains a major regional power, but its influence over ports and tributaries must not be mistaken for uniform direct rule across modern Indonesia or Malaysia. Sunda Kingdom: A West Javanese polity with roots predating 950, distinct from the Medang/Mataram court in central and eastern Java. Its early tenth-century borders and institutional relationship with Galuh are debated; represent it as a regional polity rather than a unified state over all Indonesia. Thakuri Kingdom of Nepal: The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding Himalayan region were ruled by the Thakuri dynasty in this period. Do not treat Nepal as a unified modern nation-state with today's borders; represent its court and local authority in period terms. Theobald I of Blois: Count of Blois, a major magnate whose power grew through castles and regional alliances. Regional context: West Francia and western Europe. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Tomara Polity of Dhillika (Delhi Region): The Tomara lineage is associated with the Delhi region in early medieval traditions, though its chronology and extent before the eleventh century remain debated. Represent it as a small regional polity with cautious claims, not a securely documented large kingdom. Toubou and Teda Tribes: Saharan communities associated with the Tibesti and surrounding desert routes. In 950 represent decentralized local societies and caravan networks, not a unified kingdom with modern borders; the Tibesti and Ennedi cells are only coarse proxies. Tuareg Tribal Confederations: Amazigh-speaking Saharan groups and caravan networks across the central Sahara. In 950 they were decentralized and their later confederation names should not be projected uniformly backward; use the Tahoua/Agadez cell only as a broad geographic proxy, not a precise tribal border. Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba: The Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman III proclaimed the caliphate in 929. In 950 the state is a major Iberian and western Mediterranean power, with strong central authority relative to many neighboring polities, though frontier control remains variable. Van–Kars Eastern Armenian Highlands: Text-only regional label for the Van area around Lake Van. This marker identifies the requested region; it does not represent a newly drawn province polygon. Wajihid Dynasty: The Wajihid dynasty (Banu Wajih), an Arab ruling house whose early base was Tawam/al-Buraimi and whose principal capital became Suhar. For this 950 CE map setup, its on-map marker is placed in the modern United Arab Emirates cell as a coarse proxy for its early Tawam connection; this does not imply that a modern UAE state existed. West Frankish Kingdom: The West Frankish kingdom is a fragmented post-Carolingian realm. Royal power depends on magnates, bishops, local fortifications, and negotiated loyalty; it is not yet the later Kingdom of France in its fully developed form. Western Ganga Kingdom: A dynasty ruling parts of southern Karnataka. Around 950 the Western Gangas were closely connected to Rashtrakuta power, but their regional identity and local elites remained distinct; represent overlordship separately from direct administration. Zhang Zhao: Scholar-official associated with the bureaucratic culture of the Five Dynasties period. Regional context: Southern China and the Ten Kingdoms. Treat uncertain borders, reign dates, and personal authority cautiously; do not invent events or assume later territorial control existed in 950. Ziyadid Dynasty of Yemen: The Ziyadids, based at Zabid in the Tihama, were the principal dynastic state in Yemen during much of the tenth century. By 950 their authority was uneven and depended on local intermediaries; do not portray the whole Yemeni highlands as securely centralized under them. Ziyarid Dynasty: A Daylamite dynasty based in northern Iran, ruled in 950 by Vushmgir. Its power depended on local military households and shifting relations with the Buyids and Samanids; do not confuse its sphere with all of Iran. # Regional centers and their opening functions Córdoba: Caliphal court, mint, markets and scholarly households. León: Royal household and northern Iberian political junction. Pamplona: Dynastic diplomacy and Pyrenean routes. Barcelona: County seat, port and frontier markets. Laon: West Frankish royal household and fortified seat. Paris: Robertian household and Seine commerce. Rouen: Norman court and lower Seine shipping. Winchester: English royal administration, mint and churches. Dublin: Irish Sea trade, fleets and competing royal households. Dunkeld: Alban royal and ecclesiastical ties. Thingvellir: Alþingi assembly landscape; travel is seasonal. Jelling: Danish royal lineage and assembly center. Avaldsnes: Norwegian royal estate and coastal passage. Birka: Baltic exchange, crafts and shipping. Alta exchange corridor: Deliberately placed northern seasonal exchange gathering. Magdeburg: Royal patronage, Elbe transport and tribute. Prague: Bohemian ducal court and market connections. Kraków: Regional stronghold and Vistula trade. Kyiv: Rus regency, tribute and Dnieper navigation. Preslav: Bulgarian royal household, church and crafts. Pavia: Italian kingship, royal household and elite bargaining. Monza: Royal church and custody of the Iron Crown tradition. Rome: Papal and aristocratic politics, pilgrimage and relic custody. Constantinople: Imperial palace, Bosporus passage, mints and relic custody. Antioch: Fortified frontier and commercial junction. Aleppo: Hamdanid court, military routes and workshops. Mosul: Distinct Hamdanid court, Tigris traffic and markets. Baghdad: Abbasid and Buyid households, river commerce and scholarship. Rayy: Buyid regional government and caravan junction. Istakhr: Iranian regional settlement and ancient royal landscape. Al-Ahsa: Qarmatian council, oasis production and Black Stone custody. Mecca: Pilgrimage and commercial networks; the Black Stone is absent. Suhar: Omani maritime trade, ship crews and coastal authority. Zabid: Ziyadid court, agriculture and Red Sea connections. Fustat: Ikhshidid court, Nile shipping, markets and revenue offices. Al-Mansuriyya: Fatimid court near Kairouan, fiscal and military households. Mahdia: Fortified Ifriqiyan harbor and fleets. Fez: Idrisid and local urban interests, crafts and trade. Sijilmasa: Midrarid oasis authority and trans-Saharan caravans. Koumbi Saleh: Conventional archaeological royal-trade center for Wagadu; identification cautious. Takrur river center: Senegal River production and exchange near Podor. Gao: Niger river and caravan junction in the Kawkaw sphere. Kanem northeast-lake camp: Authored royal assembly and caravan pasture base. Old Dongola: Makurian court, Nile farming and monastic networks. Soba: Alodian court and southern Nile exchange. Aksum: Older sacred and political landscape with local highland authorities. Walalah regional court: Deliberate approximate Shewan court point in northern Hararghe. Manda: Coastal harbor, craft households and Indian Ocean exchange. Ntusi: Cattle, cultivation and Great Lakes local settlement landscape. Congo-Kasai confluence landing: Authored canoe exchange and forest-produce landing. Uele river exchange gathering: Authored regional gathering connecting fishing, ironwork and forest routes. Atil: Approximate lower-Volga Khazar court and river-trade center. Bolghar: Volga trade, crafts and ruling households. Kama river assembly: Authored Permian exchange gathering. Lower Syr Darya crossing: Authored Oghuz route and river crossing station. Bukhara: Samanid court, scholarship and caravan finance. Samarkand: Craft production, irrigation and overland exchange. Khotan: Independent Buddhist court, jade, wells and oasis farming. Kashgar: Frontier oasis, caravan routes and Qarakhanid interests. Dunhuang: Guiyijun oasis, Buddhist institutions and corridor exchange. Guge: Regional royal household, monasteries, pasture and passes. Lhasa: Sacred and regional political center in a fragmented highland world. Srinagar: Kashmir court, valley agriculture and Himalayan routes. Kannauj: North Indian royal and commercial center. Mudgagiri: Pala regional court and Ganges passage. Manyakheta: Rashtrakuta court and Deccan networks. Thanjavur: Chola court, temple estates and Kaveri agriculture. Anuradhapura: Royal court, reservoirs, monasteries and sacred relic traditions. Chengdu: Later Shu court, Sichuan agriculture and workshops. Kaifeng: Later Han capital, military officers and fiscal administration. Luoyang: Older imperial landscape and routes; hidden tripod tradition. Jinling: Southern Tang court and Yangzi commerce. Hangzhou: Wuyue court, markets, waterways and maritime finance. Guangzhou: Southern Han court and international shipping. Dali: Duan royal court and mountain basin farming. Gaegyeong: Goryeo court, royal households and regional military families. Kyoto: Heian imperial court, Fujiwara households and regalia traditions. Ise sacred precinct: Imperial ritual and sacred mirror tradition. Atsuta sacred precinct: Kusanagi custody tradition and regional routes. Ishikari estuary: Authored northern river exchange and fishing settlement. Angkor: Khmer court, reservoirs, rice and temple estates. Pagan: Emerging regional court, dry-zone irrigation and river transport. Co Loa: Ngo successor politics and Red River cultivation. Santubong: Borneo ironworking, forest products and harbor exchange. Butuan river settlement: Regional river-mouth exchange; later kingdom chronology is not presumed. Lower Sepik exchange landing: Authored canoe trading and local household gathering. Diquís regional center: Authored river craft, cultivation and prestige exchange center. Baracoa coastal center: Authored canoe trade, gardens and local ritual authority. Caguana regional center: Ceremonial landscape and local household exchange. Ocmulgee: Earthwork center, cultivated food and river exchange. Newark earthworks: Older monumental landscape used as a regional ceremonial gathering. Labrador coastal gathering: Deliberately authored coastal exchange and seasonal resource gathering. St Lawrence river gathering: Authored local river exchange center; no later colonial city is asserted. Tapajós confluence: Riverine craft, fisheries, food and exchange households. Marajó ceremonial landscape: Deliberately chosen regional mound and floodplain exchange landscape. Middle Orinoco river gathering: Authored fishing, cultivation and canoe exchange center. Ceará coastal exchange gathering: Authored coastal settlement and regional exchange point. Lower Ob winter exchange gathering: Authored winter gathering linking river fisheries, fur exchange, sled routes and local household obligations. Lake Baikal winter exchange gathering: Authored shore gathering for fisheries, pastoral exchange, furs and winter route information. Lower Amur river exchange gathering: Authored lower-river canoe and winter-sled exchange point for fishing households and coastal contacts. # Historical evidence and authored divergence Historical anchors: [Mandylion custody and the 944 transfer](https://www.iconmuseum.org/collection/the-mandylion/); [Qarmatian seizure and the later historical return of the Black Stone](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/carmatians-ismailis/); [Japanese regalia and custody traditions](https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/bts/detail/?id=3921); [Holy Lance object record](https://www.khm.at/objektdb/detail/100443/); [early medieval Ardagh object](https://source.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Collection/The-Treasury/Artefact/The-Ardagh-Chalice/ac53e68e-76a4-4560-a624-c87647c57a00). These sources support object history and traditions, not magical functions, invented caches, exact starting budgets or future outcomes. Contemporary fictional collectives and the four starting practitioners are authored scenario material. # Opening records for the persistent registers These are the complete opening records for the seven named registers below. Each record_rows entry follows the named fields in record_columns and inherits record_defaults. A value of "=" retains that field's default, or leaves it absent if no default exists; other row values replace defaults. Other arrays and objects are read normally. This readable table notation removes repeated wording while preserving every individual, relationship, account, force, capacity, item, and uncertainty. It does not merge independent numeric traits or resource pools. ## dynasty_register {"houses":{"record_defaults":{"parents":"Unrecorded unless specified in named family links below","health":"No diagnosed condition established at opening","guardian":"Not applicable","succession":"Local law and actual political recognition; no automatic universal primogeniture","opening_point_status":"Named court/base placement; daily attendance is authored unless documentary evidence is cited"},"record_columns":["person_or_collective","house","polity","role","guardian"],"record_rows":[["Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus","Macedonian","byzantine_empire","ruler","="],["Romanos II","Macedonian","byzantine_empire","heir","="],["Peter I of Bulgaria","Krum","bulgarian_empire","ruler","="],["Otto I","Liudolfing","east_francia","ruler","="],["Liudolf, Duke of Swabia","Liudolfing","east_francia","ruler","="],["Conrad the Red","Salian","lotharingia","ruler","="],["Louis IV of West Francia","Carolingian","west_francia","ruler","="],["Hugh the Great","Robertian","west_francia","ruler","="],["Berengar II of Italy","Anscarid","kingdom_of_italy","ruler","="],["Conrad I of Burgundy","Rudolfing","kingdom_of_burgundy","ruler","="],["Eadred, King of the English","Wessex","anglo_saxon_england","ruler","="],["Ramiro II of León","Astur-Leonese","kingdom_of_leon","ruler","="],["García Sánchez I of Pamplona","Jimenez","kingdom_of_pamplona","ruler","="],["Borrell II, Count of Barcelona","Bellonid","county_of_barcelona","ruler","="],["Abd al-Rahman III","Umayyad","umayyad_cordoba","ruler","="],["Al-Hakam II","Umayyad","umayyad_cordoba","heir","="],["Hasdai ibn Shaprut","Shaprut","umayyad_cordoba","scholar","="],["Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph","Fatimid","fatimid_caliphate","ruler","="],["Al-Muizz li-Din Allah","Fatimid","fatimid_caliphate","heir","="],["Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph","Abbasid","buyid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad","Buyid","buyid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Rukn al-Dawla","Buyid","buyid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Nuh I","Samanid","samanid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Nasir al-Dawla","Hamdanid","hamdanid_emirate_of_mosul","ruler","="],["Sayf al-Dawla","Hamdanid","hamdanid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Vushmgir of the Ziyarids","Ziyarid","ziyarid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Marzuban ibn Muhammad","Sallarid","sallarid_dynasty","ruler","="],["Abas I of Armenia","Bagratuni","armenian_kingdom","ruler","="],["George II of Abkhazia","Leonid","kingdom_of_abkhazia","ruler","="],["Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas","Rashtrakuta","rashtrakuta_empire","ruler","="],["Parantaka I Chola","Chola","chola_kingdom","ruler","="],["Gandaraditya Chola","Chola","chola_kingdom","heir","="],["Kshemagupta of Kashmir","Parvagupta","kashmir_kingdom","ruler","="],["Emperor Murakami","Imperial Yamato","heian_japan","ruler","="],["Fujiwara no Morosuke","Fujiwara","heian_japan","ruler","="],["Fujiwara no Saneyori","Fujiwara","heian_japan","ruler","="],["Gwangjong of Goryeo","Wang","goryeo_kingdom","ruler","="],["Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor","Later Han Liu","later_han","ruler","="],["Meng Chang of Later Shu","Meng","later_shu_kingdom","ruler","="],["Li Jing of Southern Tang","Southern Tang Li","southern_tang","ruler","="],["Qian Hongchu of Wuyue","Qian","wuyue","ruler","="],["Rajendravarman II","Khmer royal house","khmer_realm","ruler","="],["Olga of Kyiv","Rurikid","rus_of_kyiv","ruler","="],["Haakon the Good","Harald Fairhair line","scandinavian_polities","ruler","="],["Gorm the Old","Jelling","scandinavian_polities","ruler","="],["Harald Bluetooth","Jelling","scandinavian_polities","heir","="],["Malcolm I of Scotland","Alpin","kingdom_of_alba","ruler","="],["Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia","Premyslid","bohemia_duchy","ruler","="],["Abu al-Misk Kafur","No hereditary dynasty","ikhshidid_dynasty","commander","="],["Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid","Ikhshidid","ikhshidid_dynasty","heir","="],["Ibn Hawqal","Not established","buyid_dynasty","merchant","="],["Al-Istakhri","Not established","buyid_dynasty","scholar","="],["Zacharias II of Makuria","Makurian royal house","makuria","ruler","="],["Helena Lekapene","Lekapenos","byzantine_empire","heir","="],["Maria-Irene Lekapene","Lekapenos","bulgarian_empire","heir","="],["Sviatoslav Igorevich","Rurikid","rus_of_kyiv","child","Named parent or household in family links"],["Gerberga of Saxony","Liudolfing","west_francia","heir","="],["Hedwig of Saxony","Liudolfing","west_francia","heir","="],["Liutgard of Saxony","Liudolfing","lotharingia","heir","="],["Ida of Swabia","Conradine","east_francia","heir","="],["Adelaide of Burgundy","Rudolfing","kingdom_of_italy","heir","="],["Lothair II of Italy","Bosonid","kingdom_of_italy","ruler","="],["Emma of Italy","Bosonid","kingdom_of_italy","child","Named parent or household in family links"],["Fujiwara no Anshi","Fujiwara","heian_japan","heir","="],["Queen Daemok","Wang-Hwangbo","goryeo_kingdom","heir","="],["Didda of Lohara","Lohara","kashmir_kingdom","heir","="],["Lothair, son of Louis IV","Carolingian","west_francia","child","Named parent or household in family links"],["Wagadu royal court at Koumbi","Wagadu ruling line","ghana_wagadu","collective","="],["Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad","Kanem ruling line","kanem_kingdom","collective","="],["Takrur river court","Takrur ruling line","kingdom_of_takrur","collective","="],["Kawkaw river merchants","Multiple households","kawkaw_gao_regional_polity","collective","="],["Soba royal court","Alodian royal house","alodia","collective","="],["Walalah court of Shewa","Makhzumi tradition","shewa_sultanate","collective","="],["Manda harbor households","Multiple households","swahili_coastal_communities","collective","="],["Ntusi cattle and cultivation households","Multiple households","great_lakes_polities","collective","="],["Congo confluence river households","Multiple households","central_african_polities","collective","="],["Atil Khazar court","Khazar royal houses","khazar_khaganate","collective","="],["Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly","Bolghar ruling households","volga_bulgaria","collective","="],["Khotan royal court","Vijaya ruling house","kingdom_of_khotan","collective","="],["Duan court at Dali","Duan","dali_kingdom","collective","="],["Anuradhapura royal court","Anuradhapura royal line","anuradhapura_kingdom","collective","="],["Pala court at Mudgagiri","Pala","pala_dynasty","collective","="],["Western Tibetan royal household at Guge","Western Tibetan royal line","tibetan_successor_polities","collective","="],["Northern Sámi exchange households","Multiple households","sami_local_communities","collective","="],["Kama river exchange households","Multiple households","permian_local_communities","collective","="],["Ishikari estuary households","Multiple households","ainu_tribal_polities","collective","="],["Thingvellir chieftain households","Multiple households","icelandic_commonwealth_early_icelandic_polities","collective","="],["Diquís river craft households","Multiple households","diquis_local_communities","collective","="],["Caguana ceremonial households","Multiple households","boriken_local_communities","collective","="],["Baracoa canoe-trading households","Multiple households","eastern_cuban_communities","collective","="],["Ocmulgee river households","Multiple households","ocmulgee_local_communities","collective","="],["Tapajós confluence households","Multiple households","tapajos_local_communities","collective","="],["Santubong ironworking and harbor households","Multiple households","borneo_local_communities","collective","="],["Lower Sepik exchange households","Multiple households","sepik_local_communities","collective","="],["Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa","Jannabid council","qarmatian_state","collective","="],["Safiyya bint Salim","Banu Salim workshop family","ikhshidid_dynasty","scholar","="],["Li Wen of Chengdu","Li workshop family","later_shu_kingdom","merchant","="],["Astrid of Avaldsnes","Avaldsnes household","scandinavian_polities","scholar","="],["Nala of Manda","Manda merchant household","swahili_coastal_communities","merchant","="]]},"family_links":{"record_defaults":{},"record_columns":["parents","children","other_children","heir_order","law","deceased","regent"],"record_rows":[[["Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus","Helena Lekapene"],["Romanos II"],"Other attested daughters and their ages require individual records before entering a scene",["Romanos II"],"Imperial co-emperorship, dynastic designation, court and military acceptance","=","="],[["Otto I","Eadgyth"],["Liudolf, Duke of Swabia","Liutgard of Saxony"],"=",["Liudolf, Duke of Swabia"],"Designation and election/elite recognition; ducal holdings are not a single inherited estate",["Eadgyth, 946"],"="],[["Louis IV of West Francia","Gerberga of Saxony"],["Lothair, son of Louis IV"],"Other living and deceased children require cautious individual registration; no child born after the opening exists yet",["Lothair, son of Louis IV"],"Royal dynasty plus magnate acceptance","=","="],[["Hugh the Great","Hedwig of Saxony"],["Hugh Capet (young child)","Otto of Burgundy (young child)","Beatrice (child)"],"=","=","Robertian family estates and royal succession are separate questions","=","="],[["Conrad the Red","Liutgard of Saxony"],["Otto of Worms (child, born circa 948)"],"=","=","Family inheritance and ducal investiture remain distinct","=","="],[["Lothair II of Italy","Adelaide of Burgundy"],["Emma of Italy"],"=","=","Italian royal election and elite recognition; daughters may carry claims without automatic annexation","=","="],[["Igor of Kyiv","Olga of Kyiv"],["Sviatoslav Igorevich"],"=","=","Dynastic claim mediated by retinue and regional elites",["Igor, 945"],"Olga of Kyiv"],[["Gorm the Old","Thyra"],["Harald Bluetooth"],"=","=","Royal kinship and assembly/elite acceptance","=","="],[["Abd al-Rahman III","Mother not specified in this limited register"],["Al-Hakam II"],"=","=","Dynastic designation and court support; other sons cannot be erased from claims","=","="],[["Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph","Mother not specified in this limited register"],["Al-Muizz li-Din Allah"],"=","=","Fatimid dynastic and imamic designation","=","="],[["Parantaka I Chola","Mothers recorded only if securely established"],["Gandaraditya Chola"],"=","=","Royal designation, collateral kin and local political support",["Rajaditya Chola, Takkolam, 949"],"="],[["Fujiwara no Morosuke","Mother not specified in this limited register"],["Fujiwara no Anshi"],"=","=","Court marriage links, office and household property; imperial succession remains distinct","=","="],[["Emperor Murakami","Fujiwara no Anshi"],[],"=","=","No automatic birth of future historical heirs; existing children by other consorts are not negated by this pair-specific record","=","="],[["Gwangjong of Goryeo","Queen Daemok"],[],"=","=","No child from a future birth is pre-created","=","="],[["Kshemagupta of Kashmir","Didda of Lohara"],"Uncertain birth chronology; verify Abhimanyu before asserting he is born on this day","=","=","Household designation, aristocrats and regency","=","="]]}} ## marriage_register {"record_defaults":{"status":"active","dowry":"Historical amount not established; no invented debt is charged","dower":"Unspecified","paid_silver":"Unspecified","alliance":"Only documented or subsequently negotiated clauses; marriage alone grants no unconditional military aid","consent_and_authority":"Historical legal context; future unions require explicit negotiations and recognized authority"},"record_columns":["partner_a","partner_b","date","terms","status"],"record_rows":[["Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus","Helena Lekapene","919","Imperial marriage connecting the Macedonian and Lekapenos households","="],["Peter I of Bulgaria","Maria-Irene Lekapene","927","Byzantine-Bulgarian marriage diplomacy; later assistance remains conditional","="],["Otto I","Eadgyth","929","Anglo-Saxon and East Frankish royal connection; the deceased spouse cannot act","widowed in 946"],["Liudolf, Duke of Swabia","Ida of Swabia","947","Conradine and Liudolfing connection; ducal authority depends on investiture","="],["Conrad the Red","Liutgard of Saxony","947","Royal marriage connection within Lotharingian power","="],["Louis IV of West Francia","Gerberga of Saxony","939","Carolingian and Saxon kinship connection","="],["Hugh the Great","Hedwig of Saxony","circa 937","Robertian and Saxon kinship connection","="],["Lothair II of Italy","Adelaide of Burgundy","947","Italian and Burgundian royal connection","="],["Emperor Murakami","Fujiwara no Anshi","consort by 946","Fujiwara marriage strategy; consort rank follows the exact date","active consort relationship"],["Gwangjong of Goryeo","Queen Daemok","before 950; precise date unassigned","Royal Wang and Hwangbo family connection","="],["Kshemagupta of Kashmir","Didda of Lohara","before opening; precise date unassigned","Kashmir and Lohara household connection","="],["Romanos II","Bertha-Eudokia","944","A child dynastic union; no adult marital activity is implied","widowed in 949"],["Igor of Kyiv","Olga of Kyiv","date uncertain","Regency for Sviatoslav follows Igor's death","widowed in 945"]]} ## children_register {"record_defaults":{"guardian":"Parents and household","status":"living","recognition":"Recognized dynastic child","health":"No condition established","education":"Age-appropriate household education; no adult office or command","claims":"Derived from parentage and local law, not guaranteed succession","pregnancy":"Not applicable"},"record_columns":["name","father","mother","birth","guardian","residence"],"record_rows":[["Sviatoslav Igorevich","Igor of Kyiv","Olga of Kyiv","birth year uncertain; a child in 950","Olga of Kyiv","Kyiv"],["Emma of Italy","Lothair II of Italy","Adelaide of Burgundy","circa 948","Adelaide and royal household","Pavia"],["Lothair, son of Louis IV","Louis IV of West Francia","Gerberga of Saxony","941","Parents and royal household","Laon"],["Hugh Capet","Hugh the Great","Hedwig of Saxony","circa 939","=","Paris"],["Otto of Burgundy","Hugh the Great","Hedwig of Saxony","circa 944","=","Paris"],["Beatrice, daughter of Hugh the Great","Hugh the Great","Hedwig of Saxony","circa 938","=","Paris"],["Otto of Worms","Conrad the Red","Liutgard of Saxony","circa 948","=","Lotharingian household; exact residence unconfirmed"]]} ## finance_register {"record_defaults":{"reserved_cash":0,"debt":0,"arrears":0,"receivables":0,"tax_due_not_cash":0,"bookkeeping_unit":"SAU","status":"Fictional game allocation, not an asserted historical revenue estimate","authority":"Spending requires the actual legal and practical authority of this named custodian","transactions":[]},"record_columns":["account","custodian","free_cash","authority"],"record_rows":[["Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus","Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus",8400,"="],["Romanos II","Romanos II",180,"="],["Peter I of Bulgaria","Peter I of Bulgaria",3600,"="],["Otto I","Otto I",6000,"="],["Liudolf, Duke of Swabia","Liudolf, Duke of Swabia",1200,"="],["Conrad the Red","Conrad the Red",1200,"="],["Louis IV of West Francia","Louis IV of West Francia",3000,"="],["Hugh the Great","Hugh the Great",2400,"="],["Berengar II of Italy","Berengar II of Italy",1800,"="],["Conrad I of Burgundy","Conrad I of Burgundy",1800,"="],["Eadred, King of the English","Eadred, King of the English",3000,"="],["Ramiro II of León","Ramiro II of León",1800,"="],["García Sánchez I of Pamplona","García Sánchez I of Pamplona",900,"="],["Borrell II, Count of Barcelona","Borrell II, Count of Barcelona",780,"="],["Abd al-Rahman III","Abd al-Rahman III",7200,"="],["Al-Hakam II","Al-Hakam II",360,"="],["Hasdai ibn Shaprut","Hasdai ibn Shaprut",300,"="],["Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph","Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph",5400,"="],["Al-Muizz li-Din Allah","Al-Muizz li-Din Allah",300,"="],["Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph","Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph",480,"="],["Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad","Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad",4200,"="],["Rukn al-Dawla","Rukn al-Dawla",3000,"="],["Nuh I","Nuh I",5400,"="],["Nasir al-Dawla","Nasir al-Dawla",1800,"="],["Sayf al-Dawla","Sayf al-Dawla",2100,"="],["Vushmgir of the Ziyarids","Vushmgir of the Ziyarids",1200,"="],["Marzuban ibn Muhammad","Marzuban ibn Muhammad",0,"Captive; inaccessible assets are not added to free cash"],["Abas I of Armenia","Abas I of Armenia",1500,"="],["George II of Abkhazia","George II of Abkhazia",1200,"="],["Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas","Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas",6000,"="],["Parantaka I Chola","Parantaka I Chola",3000,"="],["Gandaraditya Chola","Gandaraditya Chola",300,"="],["Kshemagupta of Kashmir","Kshemagupta of Kashmir",1200,"="],["Emperor Murakami","Emperor Murakami",3600,"="],["Fujiwara no Morosuke","Fujiwara no Morosuke",900,"="],["Fujiwara no Saneyori","Fujiwara no Saneyori",780,"="],["Gwangjong of Goryeo","Gwangjong of Goryeo",3000,"="],["Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor","Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor",4800,"="],["Meng Chang of Later Shu","Meng Chang of Later Shu",3600,"="],["Li Jing of Southern Tang","Li Jing of Southern Tang",3600,"="],["Qian Hongchu of Wuyue","Qian Hongchu of Wuyue",2400,"="],["Rajendravarman II","Rajendravarman II",3600,"="],["Olga of Kyiv","Olga of Kyiv",3000,"="],["Haakon the Good","Haakon the Good",1200,"="],["Gorm the Old","Gorm the Old",1200,"="],["Harald Bluetooth","Harald Bluetooth",240,"="],["Malcolm I of Scotland","Malcolm I of Scotland",1200,"="],["Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia","Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia",1500,"="],["Abu al-Misk Kafur","Abu al-Misk Kafur",3000,"="],["Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid","Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid",420,"="],["Ibn Hawqal","Ibn Hawqal",360,"="],["Al-Istakhri","Al-Istakhri",120,"="],["Zacharias II of Makuria","Zacharias II of Makuria",1200,"="],["Helena Lekapene","Helena Lekapene",300,"="],["Maria-Irene Lekapene","Maria-Irene Lekapene",240,"="],["Sviatoslav Igorevich","Sviatoslav Igorevich",0,"No independent spending; guardian permission required"],["Gerberga of Saxony","Gerberga of Saxony",300,"="],["Hedwig of Saxony","Hedwig of Saxony",240,"="],["Liutgard of Saxony","Liutgard of Saxony",180,"="],["Ida of Swabia","Ida of Swabia",180,"="],["Adelaide of Burgundy","Adelaide of Burgundy",360,"="],["Lothair II of Italy","Lothair II of Italy",1200,"="],["Emma of Italy","Emma of Italy",0,"No independent spending; guardian permission required"],["Fujiwara no Anshi","Fujiwara no Anshi",180,"="],["Queen Daemok","Queen Daemok",180,"="],["Didda of Lohara","Didda of Lohara",240,"="],["Lothair, son of Louis IV","Lothair, son of Louis IV",0,"No independent spending; guardian permission required"],["Wagadu royal court at Koumbi","Wagadu royal court at Koumbi",3000,"="],["Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad","Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad",1200,"="],["Takrur river court","Takrur river court",900,"="],["Kawkaw river merchants","Kawkaw river merchants",720,"="],["Soba royal court","Soba royal court",1200,"="],["Walalah court of Shewa","Walalah court of Shewa",600,"="],["Manda harbor households","Manda harbor households",600,"="],["Ntusi cattle and cultivation households","Ntusi cattle and cultivation households",240,"="],["Congo confluence river households","Congo confluence river households",240,"="],["Atil Khazar court","Atil Khazar court",1800,"="],["Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly","Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly",1200,"="],["Khotan royal court","Khotan royal court",1200,"="],["Duan court at Dali","Duan court at Dali",1200,"="],["Anuradhapura royal court","Anuradhapura royal court",1500,"="],["Pala court at Mudgagiri","Pala court at Mudgagiri",1800,"="],["Western Tibetan royal household at Guge","Western Tibetan royal household at Guge",600,"="],["Northern Sámi exchange households","Northern Sámi exchange households",180,"="],["Kama river exchange households","Kama river exchange households",240,"="],["Ishikari estuary households","Ishikari estuary households",180,"="],["Thingvellir chieftain households","Thingvellir chieftain households",300,"="],["Diquís river craft households","Diquís river craft households",180,"="],["Caguana ceremonial households","Caguana ceremonial households",180,"="],["Baracoa canoe-trading households","Baracoa canoe-trading households",180,"="],["Ocmulgee river households","Ocmulgee river households",240,"="],["Tapajós confluence households","Tapajós confluence households",240,"="],["Santubong ironworking and harbor households","Santubong ironworking and harbor households",420,"="],["Lower Sepik exchange households","Lower Sepik exchange households",180,"="],["Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa","Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa",1200,"="],["Safiyya bint Salim","Safiyya bint Salim",72,"="],["Li Wen of Chengdu","Li Wen of Chengdu",90,"="],["Astrid of Avaldsnes","Astrid of Avaldsnes",48,"="],["Nala of Manda","Nala of Manda",60,"="]]} ## force_register {"record_defaults":{"composition":"Opening game allocation: period-appropriate armed household, levies and paid retainers; regional composition must be specified before deployment","readiness":55,"morale":60,"water":"Local access assumed at base only; quantity and route required before departure","fodder":"Not a food-store substitute; secure before mounted movement","wage_due":0,"ships":0,"crews":0,"casualties":0,"wounded":0,"prisoners":0,"available_recruit_population":"Not established; no infinite recruitment","status":"At base; not automatically a realm's complete historical army"},"record_columns":["name","custodian","commander","men","field","garrison","location","food_person_days"],"record_rows":[["Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus household and funded following","Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus","Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus",16800,10080,6720,[28.98,41.006],756000],["Peter I of Bulgaria household and funded following","Peter I of Bulgaria","Peter I of Bulgaria",7200,4320,2880,[26.812,43.161],324000],["Otto I household and funded following","Otto I","Otto I",12000,7200,4800,[11.628,52.13],540000],["Liudolf, Duke of Swabia household and funded following","Liudolf, Duke of Swabia","Liudolf, Duke of Swabia",2400,1440,960,[9.178,48.775],108000],["Conrad the Red household and funded following","Conrad the Red","Conrad the Red",2400,1440,960,[6.646,49.755],108000],["Louis IV of West Francia household and funded following","Louis IV of West Francia","Louis IV of West Francia",6000,3600,2400,[3.625,49.565],270000],["Hugh the Great household and funded following","Hugh the Great","Hugh the Great",4800,2880,1920,[2.347,48.855],216000],["Berengar II of Italy household and funded following","Berengar II of Italy","Berengar II of Italy",3600,2160,1440,[8.919,45.464],162000],["Conrad I of Burgundy household and funded following","Conrad I of Burgundy","Conrad I of Burgundy",3600,2160,1440,[6.634,46.522],162000],["Eadred, King of the English household and funded following","Eadred, King of the English","Eadred, King of the English",6000,3600,2400,[-1.313,51.061],270000],["Ramiro II of León household and funded following","Ramiro II of León","Ramiro II of León",3600,2160,1440,[-5.571,42.598],162000],["García Sánchez I of Pamplona household and funded following","García Sánchez I of Pamplona","García Sánchez I of Pamplona",1800,1080,720,[-1.644,42.819],81000],["Borrell II, Count of Barcelona household and funded following","Borrell II, Count of Barcelona","Borrell II, Count of Barcelona",1560,936,624,[2.177,41.384],70200],["Abd al-Rahman III household and funded following","Abd al-Rahman III","Abd al-Rahman III",14400,8640,5760,[-4.782,37.879],648000],["Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph household and funded following","Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph","Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph",10800,6480,4320,[10.103,35.657],486000],["Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph household and funded following","Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph","Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph",960,576,384,[44.366,33.315],43200],["Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad household and funded following","Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad","Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad",8400,5040,3360,[44.372,33.318],378000],["Rukn al-Dawla household and funded following","Rukn al-Dawla","Rukn al-Dawla",6000,3600,2400,[51.444,35.593],270000],["Nuh I household and funded following","Nuh I","Nuh I",10800,6480,4320,[64.421,39.774],486000],["Nasir al-Dawla household and funded following","Nasir al-Dawla","Nasir al-Dawla",3600,2160,1440,[43.13,36.335],162000],["Sayf al-Dawla household and funded following","Sayf al-Dawla","Sayf al-Dawla",4200,2520,1680,[37.156,36.199],189000],["Vushmgir of the Ziyarids household and funded following","Vushmgir of the Ziyarids","Vushmgir of the Ziyarids",2400,1440,960,[54.434,36.839],108000],["Abas I of Armenia household and funded following","Abas I of Armenia","Abas I of Armenia",3000,1800,1200,[43.096,40.601],135000],["George II of Abkhazia household and funded following","George II of Abkhazia","George II of Abkhazia",2400,1440,960,[42.704,42.249],108000],["Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas household and funded following","Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas","Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas",12000,7200,4800,[77.157,17.196],540000],["Parantaka I Chola household and funded following","Parantaka I Chola","Parantaka I Chola",6000,3600,2400,[79.14,10.787],270000],["Kshemagupta of Kashmir household and funded following","Kshemagupta of Kashmir","Kshemagupta of Kashmir",2400,1440,960,[74.832,34.084],108000],["Emperor Murakami household and funded following","Emperor Murakami","Emperor Murakami",7200,4320,2880,[135.748,35.023],324000],["Fujiwara no Morosuke household and funded following","Fujiwara no Morosuke","Fujiwara no Morosuke",1800,1080,720,[135.751,35.026],81000],["Fujiwara no Saneyori household and funded following","Fujiwara no Saneyori","Fujiwara no Saneyori",1560,936,624,[135.755,35.029],70200],["Gwangjong of Goryeo household and funded following","Gwangjong of Goryeo","Gwangjong of Goryeo",6000,3600,2400,[126.553,37.974],270000],["Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor household and funded following","Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor","Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor",9600,5760,3840,[114.348,34.798],432000],["Meng Chang of Later Shu household and funded following","Meng Chang of Later Shu","Meng Chang of Later Shu",7200,4320,2880,[104.066,30.664],324000],["Li Jing of Southern Tang household and funded following","Li Jing of Southern Tang","Li Jing of Southern Tang",7200,4320,2880,[118.797,32.061],324000],["Qian Hongchu of Wuyue household and funded following","Qian Hongchu of Wuyue","Qian Hongchu of Wuyue",4800,2880,1920,[120.167,30.25],216000],["Rajendravarman II household and funded following","Rajendravarman II","Rajendravarman II",7200,4320,2880,[103.868,13.444],324000],["Olga of Kyiv household and funded following","Olga of Kyiv","Olga of Kyiv",6000,3600,2400,[30.523,50.455],270000],["Haakon the Good household and funded following","Haakon the Good","Haakon the Good",2400,1440,960,[5.277,59.35],108000],["Gorm the Old household and funded following","Gorm the Old","Gorm the Old",2400,1440,960,[9.421,55.756],108000],["Malcolm I of Scotland household and funded following","Malcolm I of Scotland","Malcolm I of Scotland",2400,1440,960,[-3.419,56.586],108000],["Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia household and funded following","Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia","Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia",3000,1800,1200,[14.4,50.091],135000],["Abu al-Misk Kafur household and funded following","Abu al-Misk Kafur","Abu al-Misk Kafur",6000,3600,2400,[31.233,30.006],270000],["Zacharias II of Makuria household and funded following","Zacharias II of Makuria","Zacharias II of Makuria",2400,1440,960,[30.459,18.223],108000],["Lothair II of Italy household and funded following","Lothair II of Italy","Lothair II of Italy",2400,1440,960,[9.159,45.187],108000],["Wagadu royal court at Koumbi household and funded following","Wagadu royal court at Koumbi","Wagadu royal court at Koumbi",6000,3600,2400,[-7.965,15.668],270000],["Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad household and funded following","Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad","Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad",2400,1440,960,[16.51,14.08],108000],["Takrur river court household and funded following","Takrur river court","Takrur river court",1800,1080,720,[-14.981,16.654],81000],["Kawkaw river merchants household and funded following","Kawkaw river merchants","Kawkaw river merchants",1440,864,576,[-0.048,16.266],64800],["Soba royal court household and funded following","Soba royal court","Soba royal court",2400,1440,960,[32.622,15.519],108000],["Walalah court of Shewa household and funded following","Walalah court of Shewa","Walalah court of Shewa",1200,720,480,[40.05,9.73],54000],["Manda harbor households household and funded following","Manda harbor households","Manda harbor households",1200,720,480,[40.925,-2.252],54000],["Ntusi cattle and cultivation households household and funded following","Ntusi cattle and cultivation households","Ntusi cattle and cultivation households",480,288,192,[31.312,-0.065],21600],["Congo confluence river households household and funded following","Congo confluence river households","Congo confluence river households",480,288,192,[17.69,-0.73],21600],["Atil Khazar court household and funded following","Atil Khazar court","Atil Khazar court",3600,2160,1440,[47.917,46.252],162000],["Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly household and funded following","Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly","Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly",2400,1440,960,[49.056,54.974],108000],["Khotan royal court household and funded following","Khotan royal court","Khotan royal court",2400,1440,960,[79.927,37.103],108000],["Duan court at Dali household and funded following","Duan court at Dali","Duan court at Dali",2400,1440,960,[100.165,25.694],108000],["Anuradhapura royal court household and funded following","Anuradhapura royal court","Anuradhapura royal court",3000,1800,1200,[80.403,8.345],135000],["Pala court at Mudgagiri household and funded following","Pala court at Mudgagiri","Pala court at Mudgagiri",3600,2160,1440,[86.472,25.375],162000],["Western Tibetan royal household at Guge household and funded following","Western Tibetan royal household at Guge","Western Tibetan royal household at Guge",1200,720,480,[79.813,31.48],54000],["Northern Sámi exchange households household and funded following","Northern Sámi exchange households","Northern Sámi exchange households",360,216,144,[23.27,69.01],16200],["Kama river exchange households household and funded following","Kama river exchange households","Kama river exchange households",480,288,192,[55.59,58.01],21600],["Ishikari estuary households household and funded following","Ishikari estuary households","Ishikari estuary households",360,216,144,[141.354,43.245],16200],["Thingvellir chieftain households household and funded following","Thingvellir chieftain households","Thingvellir chieftain households",600,360,240,[-21.12,64.255],27000],["Diquís river craft households household and funded following","Diquís river craft households","Diquís river craft households",360,216,144,[-83.46,8.92],16200],["Caguana ceremonial households household and funded following","Caguana ceremonial households","Caguana ceremonial households",360,216,144,[-66.789,18.294],16200],["Baracoa canoe-trading households household and funded following","Baracoa canoe-trading households","Baracoa canoe-trading households",360,216,144,[-74.498,20.348],16200],["Ocmulgee river households household and funded following","Ocmulgee river households","Ocmulgee river households",480,288,192,[-83.598,32.838],21600],["Tapajós confluence households household and funded following","Tapajós confluence households","Tapajós confluence households",480,288,192,[-54.709,-2.419],21600],["Santubong ironworking and harbor households household and funded following","Santubong ironworking and harbor households","Santubong ironworking and harbor households",840,504,336,[110.32,1.72],37800],["Lower Sepik exchange households household and funded following","Lower Sepik exchange households","Lower Sepik exchange households",360,216,144,[144.51,-3.84],16200],["Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa household and funded following","Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa","Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa",2400,1440,960,[49.59,25.38],108000]]} ## magic_register {"epoch":"Scattered discoveries at the opening; historical public events before 950 retain their outcomes","ambient_mana":"Present throughout the world but not available as a universally understood fuel","institutional_stage":"No international mage guild, standardized spellbook, magical army or established mass mana industry","practitioners":{"record_defaults":{"cap":8,"evidence":"Two or three limited witnessed repetitions within the household; no public scientific consensus"},"record_columns":["name","mana","techniques"],"record_rows":[["Safiyya bint Salim",6,["Steady one lamp flame for five minutes, 2 Mana and existing oil"]],["Li Wen of Chengdu",7,["Harden one prepared clay piece up to one kilogram, 3 Mana and a day of drying"]],["Astrid of Avaldsnes",5,["Slow bleeding from one small wound for ten minutes, 3 Mana and clean cloth"]],["Nala of Manda",5,["Sense nearby freshwater within twenty paces after an hour of preparation, 2 Mana; no water creation"]]]},"caps":{"Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Romanos II":{"diplomacy":27,"commerce":19,"martial":21,"intrigue":17,"learning":25,"mana":0},"Peter I of Bulgaria":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Otto I":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Liudolf, Duke of Swabia":{"diplomacy":48,"commerce":40,"martial":42,"intrigue":38,"learning":40,"mana":0},"Conrad the Red":{"diplomacy":44,"commerce":36,"martial":38,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":0},"Louis IV of West Francia":{"diplomacy":41,"commerce":33,"martial":35,"intrigue":31,"learning":33,"mana":0},"Hugh the Great":{"diplomacy":44,"commerce":36,"martial":38,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":0},"Berengar II of Italy":{"diplomacy":46,"commerce":38,"martial":40,"intrigue":36,"learning":38,"mana":0},"Conrad I of Burgundy":{"diplomacy":47,"commerce":39,"martial":41,"intrigue":37,"learning":39,"mana":0},"Eadred, King of the English":{"diplomacy":40,"commerce":32,"martial":34,"intrigue":30,"learning":32,"mana":0},"Ramiro II of León":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"García Sánchez I of Pamplona":{"diplomacy":40,"commerce":32,"martial":34,"intrigue":30,"learning":32,"mana":0},"Borrell II, Count of Barcelona":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Abd al-Rahman III":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Al-Hakam II":{"diplomacy":31,"commerce":23,"martial":25,"intrigue":21,"learning":29,"mana":0},"Hasdai ibn Shaprut":{"diplomacy":25,"commerce":21,"martial":7,"intrigue":21,"learning":57,"mana":0},"Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid Caliph":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Al-Muizz li-Din Allah":{"diplomacy":26,"commerce":18,"martial":20,"intrigue":16,"learning":24,"mana":0},"Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph":{"diplomacy":48,"commerce":40,"martial":42,"intrigue":38,"learning":40,"mana":0},"Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad":{"diplomacy":39,"commerce":31,"martial":33,"intrigue":29,"learning":31,"mana":0},"Rukn al-Dawla":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Nuh I":{"diplomacy":39,"commerce":31,"martial":33,"intrigue":29,"learning":31,"mana":0},"Nasir al-Dawla":{"diplomacy":44,"commerce":36,"martial":38,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":0},"Sayf al-Dawla":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Vushmgir of the Ziyarids":{"diplomacy":41,"commerce":33,"martial":35,"intrigue":31,"learning":33,"mana":0},"Marzuban ibn Muhammad":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Abas I of Armenia":{"diplomacy":40,"commerce":32,"martial":34,"intrigue":30,"learning":32,"mana":0},"George II of Abkhazia":{"diplomacy":43,"commerce":35,"martial":37,"intrigue":33,"learning":35,"mana":0},"Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas":{"diplomacy":43,"commerce":35,"martial":37,"intrigue":33,"learning":35,"mana":0},"Parantaka I Chola":{"diplomacy":43,"commerce":35,"martial":37,"intrigue":33,"learning":35,"mana":0},"Gandaraditya Chola":{"diplomacy":26,"commerce":18,"martial":20,"intrigue":16,"learning":24,"mana":0},"Kshemagupta of Kashmir":{"diplomacy":48,"commerce":40,"martial":42,"intrigue":38,"learning":40,"mana":0},"Emperor Murakami":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Fujiwara no Morosuke":{"diplomacy":38,"commerce":30,"martial":32,"intrigue":28,"learning":30,"mana":0},"Fujiwara no Saneyori":{"diplomacy":40,"commerce":32,"martial":34,"intrigue":30,"learning":32,"mana":0},"Gwangjong of Goryeo":{"diplomacy":41,"commerce":33,"martial":35,"intrigue":31,"learning":33,"mana":0},"Liu Chengyou, Later Han Emperor":{"diplomacy":47,"commerce":39,"martial":41,"intrigue":37,"learning":39,"mana":0},"Meng Chang of Later Shu":{"diplomacy":44,"commerce":36,"martial":38,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":0},"Li Jing of Southern Tang":{"diplomacy":44,"commerce":36,"martial":38,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":0},"Qian Hongchu of Wuyue":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Rajendravarman II":{"diplomacy":43,"commerce":35,"martial":37,"intrigue":33,"learning":35,"mana":0},"Olga of Kyiv":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Haakon the Good":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Gorm the Old":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Harald Bluetooth":{"diplomacy":34,"commerce":26,"martial":28,"intrigue":24,"learning":32,"mana":0},"Malcolm I of Scotland":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Abu al-Misk Kafur":{"diplomacy":30,"commerce":22,"martial":64,"intrigue":30,"learning":26,"mana":0},"Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid":{"diplomacy":32,"commerce":24,"martial":26,"intrigue":22,"learning":30,"mana":0},"Ibn Hawqal":{"diplomacy":41,"commerce":68,"martial":17,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Al-Istakhri":{"diplomacy":31,"commerce":27,"martial":13,"intrigue":27,"learning":63,"mana":0},"Zacharias II of Makuria":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Helena Lekapene":{"diplomacy":33,"commerce":25,"martial":27,"intrigue":23,"learning":31,"mana":0},"Maria-Irene Lekapene":{"diplomacy":36,"commerce":28,"martial":30,"intrigue":26,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Sviatoslav Igorevich":{"diplomacy":2,"commerce":1,"martial":1,"intrigue":1,"learning":6,"mana":0},"Gerberga of Saxony":{"diplomacy":26,"commerce":18,"martial":20,"intrigue":16,"learning":24,"mana":0},"Hedwig of Saxony":{"diplomacy":35,"commerce":27,"martial":29,"intrigue":25,"learning":33,"mana":0},"Liutgard of Saxony":{"diplomacy":29,"commerce":21,"martial":23,"intrigue":19,"learning":27,"mana":0},"Ida of Swabia":{"diplomacy":26,"commerce":18,"martial":20,"intrigue":16,"learning":24,"mana":0},"Adelaide of Burgundy":{"diplomacy":28,"commerce":20,"martial":22,"intrigue":18,"learning":26,"mana":0},"Lothair II of Italy":{"diplomacy":41,"commerce":33,"martial":35,"intrigue":31,"learning":33,"mana":0},"Emma of Italy":{"diplomacy":8,"commerce":3,"martial":3,"intrigue":4,"learning":12,"mana":0},"Fujiwara no Anshi":{"diplomacy":34,"commerce":26,"martial":28,"intrigue":24,"learning":32,"mana":0},"Queen Daemok":{"diplomacy":28,"commerce":20,"martial":22,"intrigue":18,"learning":26,"mana":0},"Didda of Lohara":{"diplomacy":31,"commerce":23,"martial":25,"intrigue":21,"learning":29,"mana":0},"Lothair, son of Louis IV":{"diplomacy":10,"commerce":5,"martial":5,"intrigue":6,"learning":14,"mana":0},"Wagadu royal court at Koumbi":{"diplomacy":38,"commerce":30,"martial":32,"intrigue":28,"learning":30,"mana":0},"Kanem court northeast of Lake Chad":{"diplomacy":47,"commerce":39,"martial":41,"intrigue":37,"learning":39,"mana":0},"Takrur river court":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Kawkaw river merchants":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Soba royal court":{"diplomacy":39,"commerce":31,"martial":33,"intrigue":29,"learning":31,"mana":0},"Walalah court of Shewa":{"diplomacy":39,"commerce":31,"martial":33,"intrigue":29,"learning":31,"mana":0},"Manda harbor households":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Ntusi cattle and cultivation households":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Congo confluence river households":{"diplomacy":43,"commerce":35,"martial":37,"intrigue":33,"learning":35,"mana":0},"Atil Khazar court":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Bolghar ruling and merchant assembly":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Khotan royal court":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Duan court at Dali":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Anuradhapura royal court":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Pala court at Mudgagiri":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Western Tibetan royal household at Guge":{"diplomacy":49,"commerce":41,"martial":43,"intrigue":39,"learning":41,"mana":0},"Northern Sámi exchange households":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Kama river exchange households":{"diplomacy":47,"commerce":39,"martial":41,"intrigue":37,"learning":39,"mana":0},"Ishikari estuary households":{"diplomacy":46,"commerce":38,"martial":40,"intrigue":36,"learning":38,"mana":0},"Thingvellir chieftain households":{"diplomacy":50,"commerce":42,"martial":44,"intrigue":40,"learning":42,"mana":0},"Diquís river craft households":{"diplomacy":39,"commerce":31,"martial":33,"intrigue":29,"learning":31,"mana":0},"Caguana ceremonial households":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Baracoa canoe-trading households":{"diplomacy":44,"commerce":36,"martial":38,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":0},"Ocmulgee river households":{"diplomacy":48,"commerce":40,"martial":42,"intrigue":38,"learning":40,"mana":0},"Tapajós confluence households":{"diplomacy":45,"commerce":37,"martial":39,"intrigue":35,"learning":37,"mana":0},"Santubong ironworking and harbor households":{"diplomacy":48,"commerce":40,"martial":42,"intrigue":38,"learning":40,"mana":0},"Lower Sepik exchange households":{"diplomacy":42,"commerce":34,"martial":36,"intrigue":32,"learning":34,"mana":0},"Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa":{"diplomacy":40,"commerce":32,"martial":34,"intrigue":30,"learning":32,"mana":0},"Safiyya bint Salim":{"diplomacy":27,"commerce":23,"martial":9,"intrigue":23,"learning":59,"mana":6},"Li Wen of Chengdu":{"diplomacy":40,"commerce":67,"martial":16,"intrigue":34,"learning":36,"mana":7},"Astrid of Avaldsnes":{"diplomacy":23,"commerce":19,"martial":5,"intrigue":19,"learning":55,"mana":5},"Nala of Manda":{"diplomacy":39,"commerce":66,"martial":15,"intrigue":33,"learning":35,"mana":5}},"failed_trials":[],"institutions":[],"diffusion":[],"injuries":[]} ## artefact_register {"record_defaults":{"condition":"Intact enough for study; no demonstrated activation yet","attunement":"None","public_knowledge":"Custody or public tradition may be known; magical functions remain unproven","transfer_log":[]},"record_columns":["name","evidence","custodian","location","access","functions","charge","limits","public_knowledge"],"record_rows":[["The royal Holy Lance","historical object with disputed sacred attribution","Otto I's traveling royal custody","Magdeburg royal treasury for the authored opening","recognition under witness; costly ceremonial guarding","Spend 4 Mana and 3 Martial to steady one formation of at most 100 nearby soldiers for ten minutes; no invulnerability, automatic victory or unlimited morale","0/12 dormant; charge comes only from a trained bearer's transferred Mana","Ritual legitimacy still depends on recognition; banners, fatigue and ordinary counterattack remain effective","="],["The Iron Crown","historical regalia with layered relic traditions","Church custodians at Monza","Monza","Negotiated custody, lawful ceremonial access and witnesses","Spend 3 Mana to expose whether a formally sworn coronation oath is knowingly misrepresented at that ceremony; cannot decide who deserves a crown","0/8 dormant","Cannot override election, law, competing claims or a freely refused oath","="],["The Mandylion of Edessa","historically attested relic tradition; at Constantinople since 944","Imperial and ecclesiastical custodians","Constantinople","Custodial permission and preparation","Spend 5 Mana and clean materials to steady ten patients against shock for one hour; ordinary treatment remains required and infection can still kill","0/10 dormant","No resurrection, regrown limbs, invincible city or proof that a theology is universally true","="],["The Black Stone","historical sacred object; taken from Mecca in 930","Qarmatian council at al-Ahsa","Al-Ahsa","Custody, pilgrimage claims and negotiations; no weapon attunement","Sacred, diplomatic and custodial importance is active from launch; no demonstrated combat or extractable-energy property is assigned","No stored Mana","No treating a holy object as an automatic mana mine; a return requires actual custody transfer and agreement","="],["Kusanagi no Tsurugi","Japanese imperial sacred sword tradition","Atsuta custodians","Atsuta sacred precinct","Recognized ritual access and a trained bearer","Spend 4 Mana to part smoke or tall grass in a corridor up to twenty paces for one minute; it remains a sword requiring an able bearer","0/10 dormant","Cannot cut an army, nullify walls or give perfect weather control","="],["Yata no Kagami","Japanese imperial sacred mirror tradition","Ise custodians","Ise sacred precinct","Permission and a prepared reflective ritual","Spend 3 Mana to test a single visible minor glamour or altered seal within arm's reach; does not read minds or history","0/8 dormant","Ordinary forgery, darkness, missing evidence and refusal remain obstacles","="],["Yasakani no Magatama","Japanese imperial sacred jewel tradition","Imperial custodians","Kyoto","Custodial permission and deliberate transfer from consenting practitioners","Store at most 12 transferred Mana with 20 percent charging loss; deliver charge only to an attuned present bearer","0/12 dormant","It generates no Mana and cannot copy itself; political possession still matters","="],["The Buddha tooth-relic tradition at Anuradhapura","historical sacred relic tradition; precise custodial movements require caution","Royal and monastic custodians","Anuradhapura","Respectful recognized access and communal care","Spend 5 Mana and suitable materials to stabilize one small cistern's existing water for a day; no water creation, compulsory faith or mass healing","0/10 dormant","Civic cooperation, reservoirs and water distribution remain essential","="],["The Ardagh Chalice","surviving early medieval Irish object; tenth-century custody unknown","Hidden custodial cache in the authored scenario","A concealed Limerick-region cache; exact position is not public","Recover through an evidence trail, distinguish original from imitation, repair and secure consent of custodial claimants","Spend 3 Mana and existing clean water to detect one common contamination in one cup; it neither manufactures medicine nor feeds a host","0/6 dormant","Later discovery circumstances are not public knowledge in 950; the authored cache is fiction","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["Caledfwlch, the Brittonic kingsword","legendary embodiment; later literary naming is not established 950 documentation","No living public custodian","Hidden in an authored western British lake sanctuary; no revealed coordinate","Follow local clues, negotiate sacred access, and expend a week of guarded attunement","Spend 6 Mana and 5 Martial to hold a visible twenty-pace oath boundary for one minute against one minor spell; mundane passage and weapons remain possible","0/12 dormant","Does not choose a universal monarch, guarantee victory or override inheritance","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["A remnant of Mjolnir","Norse mythic manifestation, explicitly fictional material survival","Hidden","Authored sealed stone chamber in the Birka hinterland","Obtain credible local testimony, transport the heavy fragment, train and ground it safely","Spend 5 Mana to deliver one hammer-strength shattering impulse to a hand-sized worked-stone flaw; recoil can injure bearer","0/10 dormant","No region-scale lightning, destroyed city walls or unrestricted flight","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["Gae Bolg","Irish legendary weapon, with tradition distinguished from surviving documentation","Hidden","Authored Ulster bog cache known only through fragmentary traditions","Recover, conserve and train with specialist handling","Spend 4 Mana and 3 Martial to intensify one successful close spear wound; an attack must still hit and armor/cover still matter","0/8 dormant","Not a guaranteed hit; recoil and mishandling injure bearer, and use carries political consequences","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["The Seal of Solomon","Legendary signet associated with Solomon traditions","Hidden","Authored Baghdad antiquarian cache; claimed copies circulate","Establish provenance, learn script, secure both parties' participation","Spend 4 Mana to bind a voluntarily accepted, precisely spoken agreement between two present parties for seven days; breach is signaled, never physically compelled","0/12 dormant","Cannot enslave minds, command entire faiths or detect an unspoken intent","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["One of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons","Chinese legendary regalia; physical survival is scenario fiction","Buried and unknown","Authored concealed chamber near the older Luoyang royal landscape","Archaeological clues, excavation labor, transport, contested ownership and study","Spend 8 Mana and seven days of learned preparation to reveal gross metal adulteration in one batch up to 100 kilograms","0/20 dormant","Cannot confer universal rule, create metal or certify an entire nation's accounts","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["The lost Heirloom Seal of the Realm","Historical imperial-seal tradition with uncertain survival and many claims","Location uncertain; authentic object survives in this authored scenario","Concealed northern Chinese custodial cache; public rumors disagree","Distinguish original from counterfeit and obtain corroborating witnesses","Spend 3 Mana to mark one document with an attunable authenticity trace; readers need the learned test and a matching sample","0/6 dormant","Does not compel obedience, legitimize conquest automatically or invalidate every rival seal","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"],["An Ethiopian Ark claim","Legendary sacred object; no historical authentication asserted","Secret local custodians","Authored highland sanctuary in the Aksum cultural sphere","Respect custodial secrecy, establish access, and assess conflicting provenance","With consent, 8 Mana and skilled maintenance, ward one doorway against a minor hostile spell for one night","0/16 dormant","No mass destruction, automatic divine endorsement, mind control or teleportation","="],["A vajra of Indra","Vedic mythic weapon embodied as a rare physical fragment in this scenario","Hidden","Authored highland cache near a Nepalese ritual route","Find actual clues, secure local consent, transport and study with protective grounding","Spend 5 Mana to create one bright flash and a brief localized concussive report; it can disrupt concentration within ten paces","0/10 dormant","No weather command, unlimited electricity, automatic terror or destruction of fortified cities","Only rumors or traditions; hidden facts are not player knowledge"]]}